Absurd Hero Essay Example For Students

Gentrification In New Chinese Urbanism Cultural Studies Essay

Improvement In New Chinese Urbanism Cultural Studies Essay While the financial framework in China improved from halfway arranged economy to showcase orientated economy, the Chinese urbanization likewise moved from modern urbanism to post-mechanical urbanism, particularly in huge urban areas. Furthermore, the rise of improvement as another social marvel right now has demonstrated the pattern in the following round of urban turn of events. Beijing 798 Art Zone is an average model mirroring the general scene of such change. Through sixty years time, its personality has changed from an old mechanical site to a functioning workmanship locale, and is presently confronting the truth to be additionally formed into a business zone improved by rich white collar class. There is no single component equipped for clarifying the whole and refined image of such procedure. The changing political economy and social conditions both add to the change of room after some time. In any case, among all, culture and capital are consistently the most significant driven factors in the improvement procedure. Section 01: A Brief History of Beijing 798 Art Zone Section 02: A Comparison Study of SoHo, New York Section 03: Gentrification in Beijing 798 Art Zone Section 04: Conclusion Section 01: A Brief History of Beijing 798 Art Zone Outside view, Beijing 798 Art Zone, 2008 Interior view, Beijing 798 Art Zone, 2008 The site of 798 Art Zone was initially one piece of Beijing North China Wireless Joint Equipment Factory. It was likewise called 718 Joint Factory, taking an absolute land territory up to 600,000 sqm in northwest Beijing. In 1950s the early time of the virus war, the recently shaped Peoples Republic of China was anxious to accomplish the objective of national industrialization so as to build up its own financial framework. The development of huge scope production lines at the time was to follow the initial multi year plan (1953-1957), expecting to change China from a long-history rural nation to a progressed mechanical nation dependent on the Soviet model of growing substantial ventures. 718 Joint Factory was at first structured by the East German specialists from a compositional establishment in Dessau in 1952. Affected by Bauhaus style, the plan was expected to satisfy the commonsense needs, bring the specialized and tasteful property of new material and new structure into impact, just as hold effortlessness and adaptability. The manufacturing plant was then developed from 1954 and put into creation in 1957. Through the whole 50s, the 718 Joint Factory was viewed as the image of national industrialization in the Chinese capital city. In the accompanying twenty years, China had endured colossal social and financial insurgencies. Industrialization process was delayed harshly and even halted for a while. From the disappointment of The Great Leap Forward in 1958 to the Reform and Opening up arrangement in 1979, China had moved from halfway arranged economy to advertise situated economy, which came about the essential changes of association for some extra manufacturing plants from the 50s. In 1964, the chief units dropped the authoritative arrangement of 718. 706,707,718,797,798 and 751 began to work independently as autonomous plants. In a matter of seconds subsequently in 1970s, the once state-possessed production line was changed over to non-state-claimed plant. Anyway the difference in authoritative framework didnt really bring the normal spring. Till the 1990s, most laborers in the plants were poor to the point that they could no longer get by here. The last liquidation of the manufacturing plants transformed this immense territory into a deserted land at the edge of Beijing city. In December 2000, the previous six production lines of 700, 706, 707, 718, 797, and 798 were redesigned and joined into Beijing Seven-star Science and Technology Co., LTD. The Seven Group leased the vacant plants on a transient premise. Pulled in by advantageous traffic, incredibly modest value, special style of Bauhaus engineering which was highlighted with high roof, enormous open floor plan and huge windows, numerous craftsmanship associations and individual craftsmen came to lease the empty industrial facilities and changed them into their work and living space since 2001. Slowly, 798 turned into a locale loaded with displays, workmanship studios and social organizations. The name 798 Art Zone appeared. Anyway exactly when 798 Art Zone was growing prosperously, the craftsmen were confronting expulsions because of the weight from both the legislature and the land engineers. The administration was proposing re-improvement venture in 798 Art Zone and the encompassing zones for Zhong Guan Cun Science and Technology Electronic Park. What's more, the land designers were contributing increasingly more very good quality private ventures around 798 territories for the rich working class, which had come about a seriously blockading circumstance towards the craftsmanship region. Likewise the rising notoriety of 798 Art Zone had pulled in enormous voyagers visit the site regular. Craftsmanship climate was overpowered by business exercises in the zone. The ascent of land cost caused the removal of specialists. Numerous individuals are foreseeing that in the long run 798 Art Zone will be changed into a business zone like the SoHo neighborhood in New York. One day just the extravagance brand can bear the cost of the space and no specialists will have the option to remain. The unadulterated craftsmanship in the purported workmanship zone will be dead soon. Section 02: A Comparison Study of SoHo, New York The advancement procedure of SoHo in New York is the run of the mill US case of urban scene molded by improvement. SoHo is situated by the southwest side of Manhattan and has been a mechanical zone particularly for material firms since late nineteenth century. After the World War II, the alteration in structure of cutting edge entrepreneur urban areas in the US with the move from modern to support based economy had caused the decrease of manufactories in the focal point of the city. Numerous production lines in SoHo began to move out, leaving enormous amounts of cast-iron-style structures known as Loft in the region. While some of them were changed to distribution centers and printing plants, others were empty or torn down to be supplanted by corner stores, auto fix shops and parking garages and carports. By the 1950s, the territory got the moniker called Hells Hundred Acres, a modern no man's land brimming with sweatshops and little industrial facilities in the daytime, however void like an apparition town around evening time. In the mid-1960s, numerous specialists got keen on the territory as a result of the mechanical characters of the structures: high roof, liberal space and enormous windows giving characteristic light. Furthermore, all things considered, the most significant reality was the low rental value, which implied that the craftsmen could really involve the entire floor or even the entire structure. A considerable lot of these lofts were then overhauled and changed over into double utilitarian studios joining living and cooperating. Anyway at that point, it was really not allowed to live in the space by law. As it were, these specialists were hunched down wrongfully. At that point, living in a space was not increased in value by white collar class. As Sharon Zukin wrote in his book Loft Living, it was viewed as neither chic nor agreeable if the chance was considered by any stretch of the imagination. Making home in an industrial facility area obviously negated the prevailing white collar class thoughts of home and processing plant, just as the different conditions of family and work on which these thoughts were basedâ [1]â . It was just the choiceless choice of poor specialists. In 1971, the revision of Zoning Resolution had given authorization for the specialists to live where they worked. The territory additionally got milestone assignment as the SoHo-Cast Iron Historic District in 1973, which had protected the first engineering and maintained a strategic distance from the zone to be redeveloped. The difference in arrangement and rising notoriety of SoHo had pulled in an ever increasing number of specialists to work and live here. Before long, SoHo became energetic again as the focal point of workmanship and structure in New York City. The attractive social environment made by craftsmanship occasions, and the liquid space step by step framed another way of life. Individuals started to consider the thought of living in a space attractiveâ [2]â . An expanding number of working class individuals moved into certain social examples, especially a functioning valuation for expressions of the human experience and notable safeguarding, which had recently been high society spaces. Their developing ID with expressive arts creation and fine old structures let them first to attempt to ensure space for craftsmen and noteworthy protection and afterward to fitting this space which was frequently in space structures for themselves. In this procedure, craftsmanship and notable protection took on a more extensive importance. They became both progressively business and less elitist.â [3]â The changed perspective on space living mirrors the new life disposition among white collar class individuals between late 1970s to1980s. Most new white collar classes at the time were brought into the world after the wartime. In a pattern toward another way of life with less kids, deferred relationships and a quick increasing separation rate, they were anxious to liberate themselves from the customary thought of family. In contrast to their folks, their craving and dreams were characterized in urban rather then rural terms. [4] Theyd like to remain in the city to appreciate life or interest their vocations instead of live in wide open for a tranquil (exhausting) life. Additionally, as indicated by Raphael Samuel, the new white collar classes are outward looking instead of internal looking. They have opened up their homes to guests, and presented them to the open gaze. [5] Also they have an alternate passionate economy from that of their pre-war forerunners. They go in for mo ment as opposed to conceded satisfaction, making a positive uprightness of their consumption, and treating the liberal as a garish showcase of good taste.â [6]â The character of SoHo fulfilled their new wants the abnormal method of living in a space; the opportunity and energy of life from a craftsman neighbor; home as a spot taking the rich history from the past in engineering termsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The brilliant

The Stroop Effect Is Naming the Color but Not the Word

The Stroop Effect Is Naming the Color but Not the Word Theories Cognitive Psychology Print The Stroop Effect: Naming a Color but Not the Word Create Your Own Stroop Effect Experiment By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on October 14, 2019 BraunS / Getty Images More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology The Stroop effect is a phenomenon that occurs when you must say the color of a word but not the name of the word. For example, blue might be printed in red and you must say the color rather than the word.   Understanding the Stroop Effect While it might sound simple, the Stroop effect refers to the delayed reaction times when the  color  of the word doesnt match the name of the word. Its easier to say the color of a word if it matches the semantic meaning of the word. For example, if someone asked you to say the color of the word black that was also printed in black ink, it would be much easier to say the correct color than if it were printed in green ink. The task demonstrates the effect that interference can have when it comes to reaction time. It was first described during the 1930s by American psychologist John Ridley Stroop for whom the phenomenon is named. His original paper describing the effect has become one of the most famous, as well as one of the most frequently cited, in the history of psychology. The effect has been replicated hundreds of times by other researchers. For students of psychology looking for a relatively easy and interesting experiment to try on their own, replicating the Stroop effect can be a great option. How the Stroop Effect Works The words themselves interfere with your ability to quickly say the correct color of the word. Two different theories have been proposed to explain this phenomenon: Selective attention theory: According to this theory, naming the actual color of the words requires much more attention than simply reading the text.Speed of processing theory: This theory states that people can read words much faster than they can name colors. The speed at which we read makes it much more difficult to name the color of the word after weve read the word.Automaticity:  This theory proposes that automatic reading doesnt require focused attention. Instead, the brain simply engages in it automatically. Recognizing colors, on the other hand, may be less of an automated process. While the brain registers written meaning automatically, it does require a certain amount of attentional resources to process color, making it more difficult to process color information and therefore slowing down reaction times. Performing Your Own Stroop Effect Experiment There are a number of different approaches you could take in conducting your own Stroop effect experiment. The following are just a few ideas you might explore: Compare reaction times among different groups of participants. Have a control group say the colors of words that match their written meaning. Black would be written in black, blue written in blue, etc. Then, have another group say the colors of words that differ from their written meaning. Finally, ask a  third group of participants to say the colors of random words that dont relate to colors. Then, compare your results.Try the experiment with a young child that has not yet learned to read. How does the childs reaction time compare to that of an older child who has learned to read?Try the experiment with uncommon color names, such as lavender or chartreuse. How do the results differ from those who were shown the standard color names? Terms and Key Questions for Background Research Before you begin your experiment, there are some key terms and concepts you should understand, including: Selective attention: This is the way we focus on a particular item for a selected period of time.Control group: In an experiment, the control group doesnt receive the experimental treatment. This group is extremely important when comparing it to the experimental group to see how or if they differ.  Independent variable: This is the part of an experiment thats changed. In a Stroop effect experiment, this would be the colors of the words.  Dependent variable: The part of an experiment thats measured.  In a Stroop effect experiment, it would be reaction times.Other variables:  Consider what other variables might impact reaction times and experiment with those.

The Problem Of Teen Violence - 995 Words

Teen violence has become a longstanding agent in the culture of the nation’s youth. Every year, approximately one-million twelve to nineteen year olds are murdered or assaulted, many by their peers, and teenagers are more than twice as likely as adults to become the victims of violence. From schools (grammar and high school) being subdued by a fellow student on an angry rampage to figures of the law flipping and dragging students in class. Something has to be done. Although the issue is far too difficult for any one solution, teaching young people conflict resolution skills, nonviolent techniques for resolving disputes seems to help. To reduce youth violence, conflict resolution skills should be taught to all children before they reach junior high school. First and probably most important, young people need to learn nonviolent way of dealing with conflict. In a dangerous society where guns are readily available, many young teens feel they have no choice but to respond to an in sult or an argument with violence. If they have grown up seeing family members and neighbors react to stress with verbal or physical violence, they may not know that other choices exist. Behaviors like carrying a weapon or refusing to â€Å"be the bigger person†, gives young people the illusion of control of a violent situation. What they urgently need is to learn real control. Many youth violence prevention programs target teens themselves, giving them coping tactics to cope with their anger issues orShow MoreRelatedTeen Dating Violence Is A Serious Problem Essay1733 Words   |  7 PagesTeen dating violence is a serious problem, and the number of cases continues to rise. The victims are usually teenaged girls, and the abuse may occur for months before they finally come forward to report their attacker. Some teens do not tell until the abuse is obvious because they are seriously injured, others deny the abuse or make excuses for the abuser. Is your daughter at risk for teen dating violence? Do not assume she will tell you if her boyfriend starts abusing her. Teen girls are likelyRead MoreCensoring of Violent Video Games1152 Words   |  5 Pagesgames do ha rm to teens and society due to making teens accumulate frustrations,makes teens think violence is acceptable in problem solving, and makes them very unhealthy but it also does some good, such as helps teens control their emotions, makes them conscious of what is good from what is bad, and helps them get rid of stress. This controversy may just be solved with the help of some research. Violent video games makes teens think violence is acceptable in problem solving. Teens usually play andRead MoreImpact of Teen Violence Essay519 Words   |  3 PagesTeen Violence is a big dilemma in today’s society. Violent behaviors usually start from family and peers, as well as teens observing it at there neighborhoods or communities. These behaviors are reinforced by what youth see on television, on the Internet, in video games, movies, music videos, and what they hear in their music. When children are disciplined with severe corporal punishment or verbal abuse, or when they are physically or sexually abused, or when they witness such behavior in their homeRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Teenage Dating1512 Words   |  7 Pagesnecessity of sustaining a relationship over a period of time. Therefore, frequent break ups and arguments lead to attempts of suicide, teenage pregnancy, STD’s, teen violence, and substance abuse. This happens due to lack of experience an d a broader understanding of what relationships are (Dasgupta, 2011). The problems of teen dating involving violence, sex, drug and alcohol abuse, and suicide are primarily caused by stressful life events, peer influence, and failure of parents to take their children awayRead MoreIs No Law For Teen Dating Violence?1357 Words   |  6 Pageseen violence has become a major problem in children today. Many teens are pressured with drugs and alcohol, but violence from your boyfriend/girlfriend is a growing problem for teens in the world today. There are many types of abuse, even more than there was 10 years ago. These types of abuse can be anywhere from physical abuse to digital abuse. Abuse, according to Business Dictionary means, â€Å"Physical force unlawfully exercised toward property and/or persons, causing or intending to cause damageRead MoreTeen Dating Violence : Teenage Dating1655 Words   |  7 Pages Teen Dating Violence Dawn Brown, Verronica Flowers, Michelle Marcak, Lisa Sprouse Dr. Brinda Mckinney, Instructor Arkansas State University NRS 3333 Women s Health August 12, 2016 â€Æ' Teen Dating Violence In 2013, the National Youth Risk Behavior Survey reported that 21% of female and 10% of male high school students experienced some form of physical and/or sexual dating violence. It was also reported that youth who are victims of dating violence in high school are at greater risk of victimizationRead MoreRestricted Teens950 Words   |  4 Pagesbelieve that teens should be able to go to see these movies alone, they do not have enough maturity and good judgment to have this right. Kids and teenagers should not be allowed to go to a rated R movie without a parent or guardian. Restricted movies have a direct link with violence, smoking, and drinking in teens. Also, content in rated R movies is not appropriate for kids and young teens. To start off, restricted movies are proven to cause more smoking, violence and drinking in teens. First ofRead MoreYouth Crime And Domestic Violence Essay1599 Words   |  7 Pages Youth Crime and Domestic Violence Name: Institution: Youth Crime and Domestic Violence Introduction Youth Crime has increased in New Zealand and although the prosecution has decreased the issue has attracted the attention of the members of the public. According to data from the Ministry of Justice (2015) the numbers of children between the ages of ten to thirteen and young people between the ages of fourteen and sixteen who are charged in court is lowest in over two decades. NonethelessRead MoreGangs and Teenage Violence Essay1413 Words   |  6 PagesGangs and Teenage Violence A gang is a group of people who interact among themselves. Teen violence is contributed to these gangs. Most gangs claim neighborhoods as their territory and try to control everything inside that territory. This kind of antisocial behavior is a major problem in American Society. Gang members are typical members of the same ethnic group. Fear and hatred for people of another race is called xenophobia. People who are victims of racism are often racistsRead MoreTeen Dating Violence951 Words   |  4 PagesTeen dating violence Teen dating violence is becoming a huge issue among schools across the nation. In fact most teens don’t even think their relationships are abusive or they know but they are too scared to do anything about it. Teen dating violence is on the rise. This violence spans across all socioeconomic levels and knows no race. Even famous people can be victims of dating violence. Dating violence is a real issue and needs to be addressed in all schools and workplaces across the nation

Emphysema Chronic Pulmorary Disease - 745 Words

Emphysema is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The name emphysema comes from greek. There are about 20 million victims that suffer from this disease every year. This sickness is mostly caused by smoking. A cigarette has more than 4,800 chemicals inside it. There is about 70% of adults that start to smoke at the age of 18. (lung.org) Statistics say that cigarettes are the highest reasons that emphysema is the cause (health central). Strong chemicals that people smoke like tobacco release chemicals from the patients lungs and damage them. The reason why cigarettes are a cause of emphysema is because it has tobacco in it and there is many people that smoke. Tobacco is a green plant and it grows in warm weather. Tobacco also cause other illnesses like lung cancer. Patients body has many cells , if the patient is healthy the person only produces new cells when its needed , patients that have this illness destroy the cells that is needed in the body. If patients don’t get treated as soon as they find out the lungs damage more as the time passes. Emphysema is the fourth reason of patients dying . Emphysema often occurs after the age of 35. Lungs have 90 percent that is filled with pure air and just 10 percent is solid tissue . Another cause for this disease is genetic syndrome. Genetic syndrome are c aused by DNA genetics, which people get from parents. Usually a bad chronic cough is the first and major symptom of emphysema. Patients usually get

When Kids Get Life Free Essays

In the Frontline video â€Å"When Kids Get Life† we were introduced to 5 cases in the state of Colorado where teenage boys had been sentenced to life imprisonment without parole. After watching the video I found myself struggling to have an objective opinion on the issue presented, mostly because of personal experiences being a victim of childhood abuse and also having a family member (my brother) murdered. I felt the video to be very one sided but I do find myself agreeing with the point the producers were trying to make. We will write a custom essay sample on When Kids Get Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now I feel that teenagers should have more opportunities at rehabilitation from crimes committed before the age of 21 then those criminals that are convicted after the age of 21. I also feel strongly that when it comes to teenagers and violent crimes that great emphasis needs to be placed on the motive for the crime, for example if there was long term abuse or neglect as well as any substance abuse involved, and what kind of support if any the child has ever had in their lives.In my opinion the age at which a person should be given life imprisonment is 21. I developed this opinion for three reasons. The first being my personal experience, there were two men involved in my brother’s murder one man was 26 at the time and the other was just barely 18, neither man was sentenced to any long term prison time but of the two the 18 year old has shown greater signs of rehabilitation.I have also had a lot of exposure to the darker side of society and I have seen more improvement come from the younger ‘criminals’ then I have from the older ones. My second reason is the overwhelming amount of scientific evidence regarding brain development and mental processes. According to the Time magazine article ‘What Makes Teens Tick’ Dr. Jay Giedd states that â€Å"The very last part of the brain to be pruned or shaped to its adult dimensions is the prefrontal cortex, home of the executive functions. This area of the brain is the part that allows adults to weigh the consequences of their actions.A teenager may understand the principles of right and wrong but lack the ability to realize the ramifications of any wrong they might do. In another article by Lee Bowman of the Scripps Howard News Service Deborah Yurgelun-Todd of Harvard Medical School and McClean Hospital says that â€Å"[When] shown a set of people’s faces contorted in fear, adults named the right emotion, but teens seldom did, often saying the person was angry. Yurgelun-Todd and her team performed this test using the fMRI and discovered an amazing difference in the parts of the brain being used. The adults used both the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala to process what they saw and younger teens relied entirely on the amygdala while older teens (oldest being 17) showed a progressive shift toward using the frontal cortex My third reason is the hormone factor according to an article published by the American Bar Association.One of the hormones which has the most dramatic effect on the body in adolescence is testosterone. Testosterone is closely associated with aggression; it increases tenfold in adolescent boy. Considering all of this information I feel that 21 would be a better age to consider legal culpability of a person. I do not feel that teenage offenders of violent crime should go unpunished but life in prison seems to be an excessive punishment for a teenager incapable of comprehending the consequences of his actions.My last issue to address is the circumstances by which an offender should receive life imprisonment. I feel that when it comes to cases of long term abuse of any kind when a teenager is feeling pushed into a corner and the only way out is to ‘kill or be killed’ there will undoubtedly be a negative outcome. There is a long list of possible effects and none of them are positive anything from drug and alcohol abuse, to self harm, to suicide, to homicide. One researcher Phyllis L. Crocker of Cleveland-Marshall College of Law wrote that â€Å"the nexus between poverty, childhood abuse and neglect, social and emotional dysfunction, alcohol, and drug abuse and crime is so tight in the lives of many capital defendants as to form a kind of social historical profile†. According to Dr. Chris Mallett, Public Policy Director at Bellefaire Jewish Children’s Bureau in Ohio more that 30% of death row juvenile offenders had experienced six or more distinct areas of childhood trauma with an overall average of four such experiences per offender.Mallett also found that such mitigating evidence was presented to juries in fewer than half of the offenders’ trials . That fact I find astonishing I feel passionately that the motivation behind a teenager’s violent act should play a very hefty role in the prosecution of any said act. The cases highlighted in the video ‘When Kids Get Life† were very disturbing to me because several of the cases involved long term sexual and psychological abuse and it appeared that no one took that into consideration at the time of trial.In conclusion I feel that no violent crime should be excused however life imprisonment should be reserved for those over the age of 21, or for the truly psychotic individuals out there in society. Any teenager that is convicted of a violent crime should be given prison time but then after a determined amount of time re-evaluate the person psychologically and determine level of rehabilitation. I believe that people (even criminals) can change in both directions good and bad, and teenagers have an even greater capacity to change for the better if guided in the right direction. How to cite When Kids Get Life, Papers

Mac Flecknoe as a Satire free essay sample

Brower (1959) comments him that the whole account of poetic composition indicates clearly that Dryden sought for intellectual strength and rational precision in form. This indication is found as well in Mac Flecknoe. Dryden’s role as a poetic prophet to his literary society is emphasized through his use of satirical form. Its disparity and humour display â€Å"true wit,† the aim of any seventeenth century author. Mac Flecknoe represents the popularity of satire during Dryden’s day. Clarence Hugh Holman and William Harmon define satire as â€Å"a literary manner that blends a critical attitude with humor and wit for the purpose of improving human institutions or humanity† (447). This literary convention, known for its use of clever and unusual conceit, seeks to both inform and educate readers about social decorum and moral values. About the poem (MacFlecknoe) Oliver Gold Smith in his article The Beauties of English Poetry (1967), as it is quoted by Wheatly writes: The severenity of this satire, and the excellence of its versification give it a distinguished rank in this species of composition. We will write a custom essay sample on Mac Flecknoe as a Satire or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page At present, an ordinary reader would scarcely suppose that Shadwell, who is here meant by MacFlecknoe, was worth being chastised, and that Dryden, descending to such game, was like an JIBS (Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra) Vol. 1/ Nomor 2/ Juli Desember 2001 127 eagle stooping to catch flies. The truth however is, Shadwell at one time held divided reputation with this great poet. Every age produces its fashionable dances, who, by following the transcient topic or humor of the day, supply talkative ignorance with materials for conversation. Wheatly, 1967: 161). zsdbn holding up vice or folly to ridicule or lampooning individuals. The use of ridicule, irony, sarcasm, etc. , in speech or writing for the ostensible purpose of exposing and discourage vice or folly. Such a work uses the elevated style of the classical epic poem such as  The Iliad  to satirize human follies. A mock epic pretends that a person, a place, a thing, or an idea is extraordinary when—in the authors view—it is actually insignificant and trivial. For  example, a mock epic about an inconsequential U. S. resident such as Millard Fillmore might compare him to such rulers as Pericles,  Julius Caesar, Saladin, Louis XIV, and George Washington. . In writing Mac  Flecknoe,  John Dryden  imitated not only the characteristics of Homers epics but also those of later writers such asVirgil,  Dante, and  Milton. In its opening lines of MacFlecknoe introduce Flecknoe who is comparable to emperor Augustus who has power in the realms of nonsense. The faculty of the poet in creating satire is on his giving value on any eleme nt that he considers valueless. Dryden praises Richard Flecknoe for his ignorance in poetic world. In John Dryden and His Satire MacFlecknoe (Joseph Supardjana) 128 this condition he decides to settle the question of succession. While looking for a successor he has decided on Shadwell who must reign. The reason is, it is Shadwell who can imitate the bad poetry Richard Flecknoe had written. This idea is in line with the following lines of MacFlecnoe. ’tis resolv’d; for nature pleads that he Should only rule, who most resembles me: â€Å"Sh†¦.. lone my perfect image bears,Mature in dullness from his tender years. Sh†¦.. alone of all my sons, is he Who stands confirm’d n full stupidity† MacFlecknoe  can be read as a satire directed against a representative of what Dryden perceived as a bad poet or dramatist. He stands for dullness and fog as opposed to sharp wit. He is the king of mediocrity. The poem is also a commentary the on Art and its’ relation to Nature. Dryden saw Art as â€Å"Nature’s handmaid†, that is, true Art should imitate nature as closely as possible. The flaw of MacFlecknoe’s poetry is that it is unnatural – poetry doesn’t flow naturally from his pen – his creative process is compared  to labouring – he threshes  out forced metric lines: â€Å"thy Paper in thy Thrashing-Hand†. Even the music in his plays is antithetical to nature: â€Å"The Treble squeaks doe fear, the Bases Rore;† Thus, Shadwell’s work is not true art because it is not a mirror of nature. 1  Part of this conception of a non-masculine and unnatural art emerges in images of pregnancy or fertility which do not result in creative output – what Dryden calls â€Å"Pangs without birth, and fruitless Industry†. ) Historically speaking Flecknoe assumed the throne as King of Nonsense. .When the time comes for him to choose which of his sons is worthy to succeed him and â€Å"wage immortal war with wit† (line 12), Flecknoe decides that the son most like him should receive the honor. That son is Thomas Shadwell, who has been â€Å"mature in dullness from his tender years† (line 16) and is the only one of his offspring who stands â€Å"confirmd in full stupidity† (line 18). . So Shadwell inherits the throne as  Mac  Flecknoe (son of Flecknoe). . Shadwell is so witless (and, therefore, perfect for the throne) that he does no more thinking than a monarch oak shading a plain. There are others with similar virtues, such as Heywood and Shirley. However, other writers are no match for Shadwell—not even his father. True, Flecknoe was a renowned dunce, but he was merely a  harbinger, a forerunner, to prepare the way for the ultimate dunce, his son. Nitwit writers who came before Shadwell occasionally displayed the dimmest glimmer of intelligence. But Shadwell never wrote a line that made any sense. The proud father of Shadwell hopes that his sons domain will one day encompass all the earth and that he will produce new dull plays to delight the dimwitted. â€Å"The people cryd amen,† the narrator says. Satire focus rather on those things which we can correct in order to be better than we are. It invites us to scorn the target in order to spurn that activity,so is seen in Mac Flecknoe when Dryden mocks at Shadwell. At the basis of every good traditional satire is a sense of moral outrage or indignation. Dryden found an inordinate reliance on the idea of Humours to be  crippling to the art of characterization in dramaturgy. He found an antipathy to the use of Wit and quick repartee an equivalent  to dullness and fogginess  which are prevalent throughout the poem in descriptions of Flecknoe  and MacFlecknoe. They are â€Å"scourge of  Wit, and flayle  of Sense†, and Flecknoe chooses the son â€Å"who most resembles [him]† to â€Å"wage immortal war with  Wit†Ã‚  and â€Å"Ne’er to have Peace with  Wit, nor truce with Sense†, since he perceives Shadwell and his group as adversaries of Wit. Dryden defines the humors as employed in Shadwell’s plays in the following terms: â€Å"A Humour is the Byas of the Mind,By which with violence ‘tis one way inclin’d: It make’s our Actions lean on one side still And in all Changes that way bends the Will. † Dryden goes on mocking Shadwell by widening the idea of succession. Flecknoe recommends Shadwell to imitate bad dramatist of Elizabethan period, Heywood and Shirley. Dryden names these two dramatists â€Å"prophet of tautology† which means perfect imitators. Dryden writes: â€Å"Heywood and Shirley were but type of thee, Thou last great prophet of tautology Even I, a dunce of more renown than they Was sent before but to prepare thy way. â€Å" In MacFlecknoe everything is regarded upside down. The same thing happens to literary world. Shadwell, the worst poet who uses tautologies becomes the successor to the throne of â€Å"dullness†. Compared to Heywood, Shirley and Flecknoe, Shadwell is the worst poet who inherits the crown of dullness. Flecknoe supports Shadwell to be his successor by a certain reason. For him, Shadwell is comparable to ancient Greek musician in Greek mythology whose name was Arion. It was told that in a ship some sailors threatened Arion to play lyre. He jumped into the sea where dolphins carried him safely to shore. Flecknoe JIBS (Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra) Vol. 1/ Nomor 2/ Juli Desember 2001129 has a great hope for Shadwell’s future as Dryden writes: here stopped the good old sire, and wept for joy/ In silent raptures of the hopeful boy. Dryden describes that Flecknoe has ever entered the â€Å"nursery†, a London theatre for boys and girls to study drama. In that place, the name of Simpkin, a representation of a bad poet, is noted as the member of the nursery. At this place, Flecknoe designs Shadwell’s throne, Mockingly Dryden describes, instead of carpets there are piles of the limbs of mangled poets. Unknown authors emerge from their hidden place. Flecknoe is on the throne. Shadwell vows to uphold the dullness so successfully maintained by Flecknoe. Dryden continuously mocks Shadwell who has to advance ignorance and fruitless industry. The phrase fruitless industry is an irony for Shadwell indicating that Shadwell is unproductive writer. It is underscored by a long time that he has spent to write The Virtuoso. Shadwell is a slow writer. Flecknoe advises Shadwell to John Dryden and His Satire MacFlecknoe (Joseph Supardjana) 130 let dullness naturally comes to him. The quotation above is a bitter attack to Flecknoe. As an obedient â€Å"son† Shadwell is agree with everything Flecknoe advises him. 3) This moral basis helps to explain why a satire, even a very strong one which does nothing more than attack unremittingly some target, can offer a firm vision of what is right. By attacking what is wrong and exposing it to ridicule the satirist is acquainting the reader with a shared positive moral doctrine, whether the satire actually goes into that doctrine in detail or not. Dryden in Mac Flecknoe does not discuss what good literature is; but by attacking bad literature, he makes it clear what needs to occur if literature is to be valued. In MacFlecknoe, Dryden’s definition of good art also comes to be  strongly associated with class. When he says that bad poetry laden with â€Å"Pure Clinches† or puns is inspired by the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"suburban Muse†, his implication is that it is only the genteel circles of London that produce and read good poetry – thus, Bun-hill and Watling  Street are down-market parts of London which   by virtue of their economic demography can only produce low art. The world that MacFlecknoe  reigns over is the world of artistic production which thrives in burroughs of London which weren’t seen as respectable – and it is this underbelly of the city: brothels â€Å"of lewd loves, and of polluted joys†, actors, and public playhouses which Dryden deems â€Å"realms of nonsense absolute. † To lampoon Shadwell, Dryden employs the form of the mock epic. He uses the metaphor of kingship and succession, but inverts notions of heroism associated with the exploits of the prince to describe the epic proportions of his dullness and stupidity. It does this to magnify the mediocrity of  his work. It uses notions of lineage to speak of Shadwell as the inheritor of a lowly and artless poetic legacy. Through parallels with heroes of the past, the absolutely unheroic qualities of the mock-hero become even more pronounced. Dryden also uses opposing parallels simultaneously to indicate  the nonsensical nature of Shadwell/MacFlecknoe’s status as heir-apparent of the realm of low art. For example, he simultaneously compares him to Ascanius  that is, to the figure of monarchical authority as well as the enemy to Hannibal – the enemy of the State that Ascanius  is supposed  to protect. By implication, then, Shadwell is a threat to the very realm of art which he is supposed to rule. These contradictions make it a realm of artistic meaninglessness. Joseph Addison, an early eighteenth century critic, explains that Dryden’s own definition of wit is â€Å"propriety of words and thoughts adapted to the subject† (Norton Anthology 2497). Although this definition is wide enough to encompass a variety of literature, one can assume through his criticism of Shadwell that unspecified rules for propriety existed in Dryden’s consciousness. As such, the challenge of exhibiting â€Å"true wit† would not have been taken lightly. Political circumstances of the late seventeenth century gave Dryden plenty of material for writing satirical verse. According to the Penguin Dictionary, this time period between the late seventeenth century and early eighteenth century is widely identified as the â€Å"golden age of satire† (783). As many other poets of his time, Dryden’s writings reflect the societal differences shaped during and after the Glorious Revolution. Thomas H. Fujimura, twentieth century Dryden critic, examines the historical context for Dryden’s work in his article, â€Å"The Personal Element in Dryden’s Poetry. Political and religious controversy saturated late seventeenth century England, and Dryden could not be immune from the turmoil surrounding him. Mac Flecknoe deals with public themes, such as carnival and prophecy, one may deduce that he intended literature to relate to community issues. Barbara M. Benedict, Trinity College professor of English literature, declares: â €Å"Dryden exemplifies the fusion of high and low culture† (659). Dryden’s classic epic form relates to local events, demonstrating his response to Britain’s changing literary culture. Like a prophet, Dryden presents literary truths for all people and warns of impending doom, if Shadwell continues to â€Å"rule† and promote poor-quality literature. CONCLUSION MacFlecknoe does engage in part in a discussion on what consists of bad literature, and thus, by corollary, arrives at a sort of definition of good literature in its discussion on the Humours versus Wit and the relation of  Art to Nature, but most often betrays personal prejudices against the origins and beliefs of his rival poet Shadwell and uses these against him, offering many clear instances of lampooning.  MacFlecknoe is a satiric poem which becomes the corner-stone of Dryden success in his poetic career. It strengthened his position as a successful poet in his lifetime. Both as a poem and a satire MacFlecknoe.