A Study On Breast Cancer - 2075 Words

Breast cancer is a disease that starts when an abnormal, uncontrolled cell growth occurs in the tissues of the breast. In a healthy body, cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly way, but once a damage or a mutation happens in the genetic material of the cell (which is found in the DNA) it results in cells that do not die. They continue to grow and divide uncontrollably and form abnormal cells that the body does not need. They can also metastasize, which means they invade other tissues through the bloodstream or lymph vessels. In contrast, in normal cells, when DNA is damaged the cell either repairs the damage or dies (Sudhakar 2009). Breast cancer has been known to mankind since the time of the ancient Egyptians, and there have been numerous theories throughout history. It was first mentioned as a bulging tumor that had no cure in the Ebers Papyrus (texts written on papyrus that included medical practices in ancient Egypt). In 460 B.C. Hippocrates described breast cancer as an hum oral disease that was caused by the excess of black bile. Thereafter, in 1680, Francois de la Boe Sylvius suggested that the cancer came from a chemical process that transformed lymphatic fluids from acidic to acrid (Sudhakar 2009). In 1757, Henri Le Dran suggested that surgical removal of the tumor and infected lymph nodes of the armpits could help treat breast cancer. By the 19th century, surgery was still the only available option for breast cancer and the development of antiseptic,Show MoreRelatedA Research Study On Breast Cancer1308 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Breast Cancer is on the fore-front of modern tumor research and scientists are continually seeking for new ways to treat and prevent cancer progression. Current treatments by hormone-dependent drugs like Tamoxifen and Raloxifene focus on estrogen receptor inhibition in mammary and endometrial cell lines. This group of drugs are known as selective-estrogen receptor modulators or SERMS, which are effective in estrogen-receptor positive (ER+) and hormone-estrogen receptor 2 positiveRead MoreBreast Cancer Case Study1306 Words   |  6 Pagesmetastases have caused substantial mortality and morbidity in cancer patients. Approximately 15% of women with breast cancer will be diagnosed with brain metastases (Zakaria et al., 2014). With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, the quality of the patient’s life could be enhanced. Therefore, it is vital for patients with a known primary tumour to undergo imaging studies once they develop neurological signs and symptoms. Imaging studies aid to accurately identify the type, number, size, and locationRead MoreA Study On Breast Cancer843 Words   |  4 PagesBreast Cancer Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in women (Up to Date, 2014). The associated risk can be as high as 12% for every woman in the United States, regardless of family history (American Cancer Society, 2013). For this reason, care begins with patient education, risk stratification, and preventative medicine. The paper will review preventative options, risk stratification based on genetics and age, and breast cancer treatmentRead MoreA Research Study On Breast Cancer1702 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of high mortality and morbidity in women population worldwide. Up to date, no effective breast cancer treatment has been developed and this has motivated academic scientists for the quest for alternative drugs and the discovery of drug targets. Increasing evidence suggests that carotenoids, which are micronutrients in fruit and vegetables, reduce breast cancer risk [1]. Previous findings suggest a protective role of ÃŽ ±-carotene, ÃŽ ²-carotene,Read MoreBreast Cancer Case Study929 Words   |  4 PagesIn the present study, we found that rate of pCR to neoadjuvant chemotherapy was 24.7% (n=25) in the whole cohort (n=101). This finding was consistent with the range of pCR rates to prospective randomized trials of preoperative chemotherapy of 15%-40% mentioned in the literature (Burstein et al., 2008). Moreover, high Ki-67 expression (cutoff 14%) was significantly correlated with achieving a pCR in the large cohort (p=0.016). This result matched with the finding of several studies that reported thatRead MoreA Research Study On Breast Cancer2138 Words   |  9 Pages Breast Cancer accounts for more than 20 percent of cancer in women, and is the primary cause of cancer death among women globally.1 Despite extensive scientific research on the disease, the outlook on a cure arguably remains poor. While some breast cancer survivors and women at high risk remain hopeful that soy intake will reduce the risk or even cure cancer, the recommendations are conflicting. For decades, the relationship between soy foods, supplements, phytoestrogen intake and cancer hasRead MoreBreast Cancer Case Study1234 Words   |  5 Pagesultimately lead to the progression of oral cancer. (Lee et al, 2010). c‑myc was among the first oncogenes found to be amplified in breast cancer, and it can contribute to many other forms of cancer (Victoria and Michael, 2007). It is a critical downstream effector of the Wnt/TCF pathway in colon cancer and activation of Myc might play a predominant role in the pathogenesis of tumors like pediatric hepatoblastoma (Sansom et al, 20 07; Cairo et al, 2008). A study done in south Indian population has shownRead MoreBreast Cancer Case Study803 Words   |  4 Pagessecondary organs fibronectin expression is upregulated by primary tumors via resident fibroblasts, which serves as a docking site for VEGFR1+ hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) clusters and secondary seeding. During metastasis of breast cancer to lung, interaction of VCAM-1+ cancer cells with VLA-4-expressing macrophages, activates PI3K/Akt signaling in tumor cells, protecting them from caspase-induced apoptosis. Bone metastasis is also facilitated by interaction of VCAM1 with different integrin partnerRead MoreA Research Study On Breast Cancer981 Words   |  4 PagesIn this case study we have Sarah a forty-two-year-old woman who has breast cancer which has metastasized to her lungs. Despite having had multiple tumors removed the cancer has returned. Sarah’s oncologist, Greg, recommends that she take part in a double blind experimental drug trial in an effort to slow the occurrence of more tumors. Greg explains that the risks of the drug are not entirely known; the drug won’t cure her cancer but may slow its progression, it may leave her extremely fatiguedRead MoreStudy On Breast Cancer Management Guidelines Essay1584 Words   |  7 Pages STUDY ON BREAST CANCER MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES ABSTRACT- Cancer is a big cause of death worldwide. Around the world Cancer of different types effect millions of population and leads to loss of lives. According to the available data through our complete and thorough nationwide registries on cancer (number of times something happens), number and death in India among males cancers of lung, mouth, oesophagus and stomach are leading places/locations of cancer and among females cancer of breast, cervix

The Truth About Human Trafficking - 1520 Words

The Truth About Human Trafficking Human Trafficking is a modern-day form of slavery involving the illegal trade of people for exploitation or commercial gain (Human Trafficking). The term human trafficking evolved from slavery in the early 1900’s and continued to become a global market over the past 100 years. There are several different types of human trafficking such as forced labor, sexual exploitation, people smuggling, and the harvesting of organs for commercial profit (Types of Human Trafficking.). Victims of human trafficking are stripped of their identity and are denied their natural, human rights. There are a total of 27 million enslaved women, men, and children all over the world. The average age of a trafficking victim around the world is 12 years old (Human Trafficking - The A21 Campaign). As a society that values an individual s freedom and rights, the awareness and consequences associated with human trafficking must be increased, as many governments do not contribute enough resources in order to combat the various forms of human trafficking that occurs among nations. Human trafficking began when the traditional form of slavery evolved into the forced prostitution of women. In 1904, the International Agreement for the Suppression of White Slave Traffic was put into place. This law was created to prevent women and children from being trafficked into sex trade. The League of Nations was created in 1927 to discuss international issues, such as humanShow MoreRelatedThe Super Bowl- Human Trafficking1301 Words   |  6 PagesHuman trafficking is modern day slavery, which leads to kidnapping, drugs, forced sex, forced labor or death. Consequently, many victims which include men as well as women and children from all the countries are being kidnapped, bought and sold against their will, which are odious crimes in the 21st century. Therefore, Abolishing justice in the 21st century (A21) organization made a campaign poster â€Å"The Super Bowl- Human Trafficking† contains calculated information that The Super Bowl is known asRead MoreHuman Trafficki ng And The United States1066 Words   |  5 PagesHuman trafficking has always been a though subject. Most Americans prefer to believe that this is a problem of the past, that it simply does not occur anymore. Others accept the fact that human trafficking exist, but in a far away reality, an incident homed only in poor, third world countries. This couldn’t be farther away from the truth. Human trafficking is a real and current problem in the United States, California being a hotspot for this issue, and with the Super Bowl in 2016 the problem willRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Its Effects On Society1156 Words   |  5 Pagesthan the surface when it comes to pimps and prostitutes, that the relationship is master and slave as in human trafficking. The pimp is a person that forces young child into sex for money with brutal force, against the woman will. Prostitutes are a person that does sexual favors for another person for money or another trade. Pimp are actually people that use human trafficking. Human trafficking is when a pimp makes and prostitutes have sex for his or her gain not the prostitute. The pimp will go toRead MoreThe Relationship Between Pimps And Prostitutes1148 Words   |  5 Pagesdeeper than the surface when it comes to pimps and prostitutes, that the relationship is master and slave as in human trafficking. Pimp is person that force young child into sex for money with brutal force, against the woman will. Prostitutes is a person that does sexual favors for another person for money or another trade. Pimp are actually people that uses human trafficking. Human trafficking is when a pimp make and prostitutes have sex for his or her gain not the prostitute. The pimp will go to busRead MoreThe Many Victims of Human Trafficking675 Words   |  3 Pageswomen and children are victims of human trafficking. Human trafficking is used for many purposes and benefits. Sex, forced labor and other forms of disgracing exploitation is dangerously happening worldwide. It’s necessary to know what the term trafficking means because it can be very misleading, trafficking places importance on the transaction aspect of a cruel crime, trafficking is more than described by the media. Enslavement is a word that can describe trafficking briefly and compactly, exploitationRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is A Serious Crime1497 Words   |  6 PagesNumber One: Introductory Post Posted March 15th, 2017. Thousands of men, women and children fall into the hands of human traffickers, in both their countries and in other countries each year. Whether it be a country of origin, transit, or a destination, nearly every country in the world is being affected by human trafficking. Human trafficking is a serious crime and a violation of all human rights here in Australia. It involves the recruitment, movement and exploitation of a person which consists ofRead MoreThe Issue Of Human Trafficking1481 Words   |  6 Pages Human trafficking is defined by the United Nations as the acquisition of people by improper means such as force, fraud or deception, with the aim of exploiting them. Unfortunately, human trafficking is a crime that occurs globally with many men, women, and children being forced to work as laborers and or sex workers. As is the case with many crimes, the statistics regarding human trafficking are sensationalized, making it seem as if it is more prevalent than it actually is. Many tag the SuperRead MoreEssay about Human Trafficking in the United Kingdom1457 Words   |  6 PagesHuman trafficking is not just a part of our history; it is continuously growing around the world today because of traffickers who are using it as an easy way to make a profit. Victims of human trafficking feel as if they have no way to escape because they have limited ways to survive or make a good enough living to support themselves along with their families outside of the sex industry. Women, children and ev en men from time to time are taken before they get the opportunity to receive little ifRead MoreHuman Trafficking : The Issue Around The Globe1532 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing used in human trafficking. Human trafficking is a topic that too many in society ignore, and it is arguably that ignorance that serves as a bigger conundrum than the topic itself. Human trafficking, also known as slavery, is when humans are sold to the highest bidder at an auction or used in businesses as slaves, and all too often these slaves are used for sexual purposes. Roughly 79% of slaves are sexually exploited according to The United Nations Protocol against Trafficking in Persons. DictionaryRead MoreThe Reality of Sex Slavery in the Present Day1396 Words   |  6 Pagesto†¯an†¯unknown catastrophe.†¯ The only human is a man who calls himself the†¯Abominable†¯Snowman or Snowman for short, but in his childhood days his name was Jimmy.†¯ If the thought of being all alone in t he world is not uneasy enough, Atwood takes this opportunity to point out the flaws of the†¯modern†¯world†¯through Snowman’s reminiscing about Jimmy’s childhood.†¯ The truths†¯exposed are events†¯that†¯people do not want to acknowledge: animal abuse for human advancement, elimination of human interaction due to†¯technology

Sensation and Perception Article Review Free Essays

In this study, researchers examined the effects of exposure to mercury and lead on children’s attention. From this study, researchers found that children exposed to higher levels of mercury or lead are three to five times more likely to be identified as having problems associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. This study originated in a group of Inuit children in Quebec who were found to have a high rate of ADHD due to their exposure to mercury in their mother’s womb. We will write a custom essay sample on Sensation and Perception Article Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now These levels of mercury were likely caused by the consumption of seafood meat. Besides the link between mercury and ADHD, children with low levels of lead also were found to be more likely diagnosed with having an attention deficit. Children exposed to lead also were associated with behavioral problems in school. These findings could help teachers and parents identify the cause of their child(s) attention deficit, and more importantly, help prevent their exposure to mercury and lead at an early age. Knowing that mercury exposure is caused from the consumption of whale meats in arctic regions could open awareness to those living in those areas, and reduce the amount of consumption of those particular foods. To further the development of this study, it would be beneficial for researchers to examine a wider range of children across the world, and even increase the age range. Another question researchers could consider would be whether or not teens and adolescents who were exposed to mercury or lead as a child, but maintained the level, were still just as likely to show the same attention deficit results. Although this study examined the effects of lead and mercury in two groups (U. S. children and the Inuit children), to strengthen this study, it would have been more valuable and applicable had the researchers compared different regions. By looking at the effects across multiple regions or areas, the results could have been compared to see if specific areas had higher levels resulting in more children with ADHD. For example, the article discussed the Inuit children from arctic Quebec having higher exposure to mercury, and therefore, more children affected by attention deficits; so would there possibly be differences between say the east coast and the west coast? Or Alaska compared to Texas? This article intrigued me because it broadened my understanding of the causes of ADHD, and the consequences of mercury and lead exposure. How to cite Sensation and Perception Article Review, Essay examples

Scheduling in Woolworths Transport Department- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theScheduling in Woolworths Transport Department. Answer: Introduction Every business organization thrives well with proper planning and coordination of all departments that oversee separate tasks and responsibilities. The departments include human resource, transportation department, marketing and sales department and production and service departments. Within the departments, various projects are supposed to be properly managed to conform to other departmental projects. The harmonious coordination of all the departments ensures successful management of the organization as a whole. The purpose of this article is to examine scheduling in the transport department, how it affects the operation of the company. It discusses the critical issues that arise within the department and how to resolve the issues and what should be done to improve on the transportation department about the scheduling of the activities. The article further examines the gaps, analyses them and come up with a proper revised operation management in relation Smart. It ends with an evalu ation of the developed management process against the common best practices. Woolworths is an Australian largest supermarket chain that poses an extensive retail of about 995 throughout Australia and some in New Zealand (Arli et al., 2013). The company forms the second company by revenue in Australia and mainly deals with take away liquor, fresh food products such as fruits and vegetables, petrol, hotel and general merchandizes. Transport department at Woolworths oversees the movement of goods from the supermarkets, warehouses to various retail stores for easy distribution to customers, and the transportation of raw materials such as farm produce to various supermarkets and retail stores. The department uses a variety of means such as trucks ships and parcel services. For proper delivery of all these products, the departmental heads must do proper scheduling. Scheduling is definable as the process of arranging, controlling and optimizing the workload thereby allocating proper mechanism (Nurul, 2017).Scheduling in transport department , therefore refers to the process of making a planned procedure in a written form for a particular objective concerning time for completion (Gestrelius et al., 2017). In the transport department, a schedule is drafted by the manager and it always indicates the period, the vehicle number and the personnel responsible for ensuring that a particular products or raw materials are taken to the required destination (Karuno Yuda, 2011). For such proper movement, proper scheduling to get accomplished and the process requires logistical approach. Efficient scheduling of the transportation department needs deep concern in allocating the vehicles and determination of the routes within the given due dates (Michaelis Schobel, 2009). Just like any other departments such as production, the transport department faces different issues that affect their scheduled programs on the delivery of the products to the determined by customers requirements and needs. Woolworths Company engages itself with various types of transport modes, which are the road, rail air, and water. The transport department uses different criteria to determine e the form of transportation (Tian Demeulemeester, 2013). In case of urgencies, the department, the department will deploy a more reliable, a quick mode such use as air transport while the bulk and heavy will require the use of trucks. The scheduling also depends on the stipulated delivery date, the possibility of product damage. The most common problems are the vehicle routing problem, bad weather, and poor status of vehicles. The Woolworths transport department scheduling program depends on numbers of issues such as the number of routes and destinations, the number of available drivers, the distance that is covered to make the distributions, the road systems and conditions, the nature of the goods to be distributed and the nature of circumstance. The schedules are into two different categories, which are local and international deliveries (Wang, 2013). The local transport schedule ensures distribution of the products within the locality of the company. Such moving the bulk loads of the products from the company to the airports, local warehouses ports using roads, while the international scheduling involves the movement of the products and the raw materials to and from the foreign countries (Sama et al., 2015). The process will include the use of contracted companies since Woolworths is not able to sustain t he transportation of fruits and fresh vegetables from foreign countries such as United States, China, and Netherlands (Hanus McClarre, 2016). The international movement involves different logistics such as freight forwarders, clearing agents and the service inspections that are responsible of ensuring that all the border-crossing goods conform to the policies. Scheduling issues faced within the Transport Department. The main issues faced by the department are the late delivery of the products and fresh produce from the farms , caused by different factors such as less number of trucks owned by the company and that are in poor status hence end up being inefficient during bad weather seasons. The bad weather that interferes with the transportation since many trucks cannot go through the farms that are muddy, resulting to stacking (Peng et al., 2013). As a result, there is delay in the delivery of the fresh produce that may lead to them going bad. The delay of the many raw materials is transmitted to the production process that eventually changes the period of the provision of the products to the customers. The railway transportation system that is cheaper mode of transport does not favor Woolworths services as the most of the heavy products are the farm produce, and the railways line does not run to the sources of the fruits and vegetables, hence forcing the company to use the trucks. There are tim es that Woolworths has to contract other transportation companies to enable it to distribute its products to those regions that are far for example in the international markets. The Contracted transportation companies such as air cargo and Railway Corporation always cause inconveniencies with departure and arrival time that keep on changing (Nossack Pesch, 2013). Most of them also have fixed to schedule most probably a weekly time plan and with a fixed amount of load. The problem arises when the Woolworths delays sending the packed packages to the flight, meaning that there will be no delivery to the international customers; as a result, the sales are affected. Some of the contracted transport companies Offices are far away from Woolworths Company, hence creating more expenses in the delivery of the products. The unreliability of many contracted transportation departments and poor coordination of the organizational units results into products delivery time changes. A large number of third parties authorities such as brokers, traffic police, port authorities and customs agents that are involved in transportation end up taking a lot of money from the tracks; this also makes the most expensive . Poor coordination of the departments also is a major issue. The client service department at times fails to deliver the orders to the production and dispatch department, affecting the process of packaging (Arli et al., 2013). The delaying at the end forces the transportation department to use additional means to ensure that the customers orders are delivered within the period. Such inconvenience leads to the extra use of money and resources that are outside the plan. The poor status of the trucks also increases the probability of the vehicles facing accidents, and such accidents lead to the loss of the millions of the companys products. The weather disturbance is a common issue that affects the transport department, as adverse weather conditions result in the delay of both the trucks and freight deliveries. During the bad weather, the estimated times always change. How to address these issues It is very evident that for the customer to receive the product at the specified time, all departments must be in harmonious coordination so as the production, the packaging, and the dispatch areas the stipulated period. With any delaying of any activity, then the scheduling of the transportation department is bound to change. The manager should ensure that all the trucks get good maintenance by changing the worn out tires, the brake system is properly working, and the headlights are clear to illuminate the way during the night transportation. The manager should also ensure that enough shipping trucks are availed to avoid any inconvenience to the deliveries of the products and raw materials to customers and the company. It is beyond human being to control the weather, but it is within the capability of the human being to ensure bad weather does not adversely affect the operations. The manager can ensure this by having the proper trucks that are all seasons truck tires; this will avoi d any vehicle stacking or even sliding during rainy seasons. On the issue of other contracted transportation companies, the manager should ensure that the agreement signed is accommodative to avoid any undelivered due to late submission of the products to the freight. The contracted transportation companies should also be reliable in times of the emergency and are viable financially to cover the cost of shipping. The manager should also push the company to go an extra mile and plan how to acquire a private cargo airplane that will solve the issue of the inconveniences. What should be done to improve the Logistic issues It is in no doubt that transport logistics is very critical Woolworths company success, therefore essential improvements are needed to see the company stay in the global market. The key logistic issues that are facing transportation departments are inadequate number of carriers, containers, and transportation options. Therefore, in order to improve logistically, Woolworths must familiarize with the available modes of transport that are cost effective and reliable. Woolworths should also familiarize with the international trade and regulations to enable it efficiently venture into the foreign countries. The familiarity will help the company from engaging into unnecessary law cases. Due to the global technological change, many businesses embrace the use of the internet to improve on the transportation logistics, such as mobile tracking technologies and mobile printers. (Bodhani, 2012).The transport department can improve logistically by improving the end-to-end visibility to sustain pr ofitability and viability. The manager should be able to detect any environmental issues that may cause the delivery delaying of the products to customers, especially to the areas that need airlifting. These weather changes can always be detectable by the improved mobile devices such as barcode scanners and radio frequency identification to provide information on climate changes. The mobile technologies help the department to improve the efficiency by giving information on the real-data time across the entire supply chain. Trucks management is essential in the every organization's Transport department and therefore calls for an outstanding manager that can oversee proper operations. The everyday use of the trucks leads to wear out of every part that must be replaced and properly maintained to keep the machines in use for a longer period (Day Tosey, 2012). Poor scheduling of the trucks may also lead to a standstill when all fleets are out on the road and leaving none for any emergency use. Therefore, to maximize the productivity of the trucks, the manager should use the new technologies such as the mobile scanner, computer, and the radio frequency identification to keep in planning and keep the fleet moving harmoniously. The mobile devices can capture, share, and manage data on the trucks allowing continuous communication with the drivers, who gives emergency updates for immediate actions to be taken by the office. Woolworths Company can assist in transportation department by increasing the number of the warehouses in far regions and storing the goods according to the customers preference report. Through doing this, the problem of delay is solvable as the products can be easily distributed and accessed by the potential clients (Yaghini et al., 2012). Distributing the warehouses tends to be cost-effective, as less fuel usage. Systematic planning and scheduling of all the activities should conform to other departmental programs such as the production timetable (Hanus McClarre, 2016). This conformity will allow the transport department to know the time of deliverance of a particular product and when the production staff is ready with it, it will assist the manager to assign the drivers accordingly. Gap analysis Even though Woolworths Company has an extensive distribution of products throughout Australia, they have not adequately met the customers demands because of the continuous rate of growth of customers shopping (Asgersson, 2012). The primary deficiencies within the Woolworths business transportation department that affects schedule activities because of the inadequacy of the owned trucks that are not able to fulfill the demand of the distribution of the products within the locality, as a result, the company spends so much in contracting other transportation companies. As a result, calls for more sourcing of fresh fruits and vegetables, which not met adequately with the Australian farming. The problem Chain addresses this problem through the import the fresh fruits and vegetables from other countries such as from the United States and Netherlands (Zhang et al., 2014). The importation faces some of the constraints such as the international policies, that high perishable products in case the flight's delay. The company is not also able to reach its target as there are fluctuations of the customers buying habits that are mainly affected by the seasons changing economic status and introduction of potential competitors. The situation always pushes the average prices to fall even despite the fact that the availability of the fresh produces making the market share to decline in 2016 as compared to the previous years. Woolworths Company concentrates the activities in Australia and part of New Zealand, and to make a command on the global market, and the company should expand its warehouses, supermarkets, and retail stores to other countries. Many business companies have to use SMART to improve their performance. It is the best way to set goals that are specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and time-bound. Due to a large number of employees within the company especially the transport department, smart scheduling is very vital so as the vehicles and the drivers can be organized hourly through the use of cloud-based technique rather than the use of either whiteboards or simple pen and paper, that are tiresome (Rocha et al., 2012). This technique is also is also advantageous since it allows the transport department to avoid the chaotic moments such as holidays or festivals when most of the drivers might tend to take days off. Smart scheduling also allows the transport department to keep the driver's data of work that the manager can use to identify any deficiency among the team (Prabhahar Ravichandran, 2013). Smart scheduling does not only benefits the transport department but the employees too within the department as they can view their working schedule through the use of mobile applications and organize themselves in case of any changes in the program. Through the mobile technique, the employee can request time off or accept additional shifts. The developed operational management, smart scheduling is more efficient than the typical programming practice as a better and accurate timetable can be established that will oversee the delivery of raw materials and products to their destinations at the required times (Prabhahar Ravichndran, 2011). The successful management of the movement of the goods will reduce the cost and increase the customer's satisfaction since there will be a good maintenance of the truck, a proper tracking system and well working hours for the staff to ensure continuous service to the customers. Conclusion For smooth operation of the transport system in every organization, quite some issues put in places, such as the availability of the vehicle, availability of drivers, the distance to be covered the delivery time and the nature of the products or raw materials. It is observable that the there are gaps in the daily operation of the transport department that eventually makes the company fail to attain its goal of providing enough food products to the Australian. The company also has more opportunities in the international market that they can use to expand their territory and increase their global market share. Through the utilization of the smart scheduling, Woolworth's company transport department can efficiently manage and control both the employee's work schedule and the movement of all the tracks in the road to enhance efficiency. Therefore, it is vital for the department in every organization to have a well-developed scheduling to ensure that all the raw materials and the products arrive at the customer's within the specified time. References Arli, V., Dylke, S., Burgess, R., Campus, R., Soldo, E. (2013). WOOLWORTHS AUSTRALIA AND WALMART US: BEST PRACTICES IN SUPPLY CHAIN COLLABORATION. Journal Of Economics, Business, And Accountancy | Ventura, 16(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.14414/jebav.v16i1.123 sgeirsson, E. (2012). Bridging the gap between self schedules and feasible schedules in staff scheduling. Annals Of Operations Research, 218(1), 51-69. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10479-012-1060-2 Bodhani, A. (2012). Smart transport. Engineering Technology, 7(6), 70. https://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et.2012.0611 Day, T., Tosey, P. (2011). Beyond SMART? A new framework for goal setting. Curriculum Journal, 22(4), 515-534. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09585176.2011.627213 Gestrelius, S., Aronsson, M., Joborn, M., Bohlin, M. (2017). Towards a comprehensive model for track allocation and roll-time scheduling at marshalling yards. Journal Of Rail Transport Planning Management. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrtpm.2017.06.002 Hanu, M., McClarren, R. (2016). On the Use of Symmetrized Transport Equation in Goal-Oriented Adaptivity. Journal Of Computational And Theoretical Transport, 45(4), 314-333. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23324309.2016.1164722 KARUNO, Y., YUDA, K. (2011). 3293 Scheduling Vehicles of Minimizing the Number of Dispatched Staff Members. Proceedings Of International Conference On Leading Edge Manufacturing In 21St Century : LEM21, 2011.6(0), _3293-1_-_3293-4_. https://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmelem.2011.6._3293-1_ Laird, J., Venables, A. (2017). Transport investment and economic performance: A framework for project appraisal. Transport Policy, 56, 1-11. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2017.02.006 Michaelis, M., Schbel, A. (2009). Integrating line planning, timetabling, and vehicle scheduling: a customer-oriented heuristic. Public Transport, 1(3), 211-232. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12469-009-0014-9 Nossack, J., Pesch, E. (2013). Planning and Scheduling in Intermodal Transport. IFAC Proceedings Volumes, 46(9), 27-32. https://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20130619-3-ru-3018.00640 Nurul Habib, K. (2017). A Comprehensive Utility based System of activity-Travel scheduling Options Modelling (CUSTOM) for Workers Daily Activity Scheduling Processes. Transportmetrica A: Transport Science, 1-26. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23249935.2017.1385656 Peng, F., Ouyang, Y., Somani, K. (2013). Optimal routing and scheduling of periodic inspections in large-scale railroad networks. Journal Of Rail Transport Planning Management, 3(4), 163-171. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrtpm.2014.02.003 R.PRABHAHAR, R., G.RAVICHANDRAN, G. (2011). Optimal Planning and Scheduling in Multistoreyed Building. Indian Journal Of Applied Research, 4(4), 72-74. https://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/apr2014/255 Rocha, M., Oliveira, J., Carravilla, M. (2012). Cyclic staff scheduling: optimization models for some real-life problems. Journal Of Scheduling, 16(2), 231-242. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10951-012-0299-4 Sam, M., Meloni, C., D'Ariano, A., Corman, F. (2015). A multi-criteria decision support methodology for real-time train scheduling. Journal Of Rail Transport Planning Management, 5(3), 146-162. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrtpm.2015.08.001 Tian, W., Demeulemeester, E. (2013). Railway scheduling reduces the expected project makespan over roadrunner scheduling in a multi-mode project scheduling environment. Annals Of Operations Research, 213(1), 271-291. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10479-012-1277-0 Wandelt, S., Sun, X. (2015). Evolution of the international air transportation country network from 2002 to 2013. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics And Transportation Review, 82, 55-78. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2015.08.002 Wang, Z. (2013). Optimized Vehicle Scheduling Algorithm of Distribution Center. Applied Mechanics And Materials, 340, 581-586. https://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.340.581 Yaghini, M., Alimohammadian, A., Sharifi, S. (2012). A goal programming technique for railroad passenger scheduling. Management Science Letters, 2(2), 535-542. https://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2011.12.013 Zhang, H., Zhang, X., Wang, J. (2014). Robust gain-scheduling energy-to-peak control of vehicle lateral dynamics stabilisation. Vehicle System Dynamics, 52(3), 309-340. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00423114.2013.879190

Relative Truth Essays (727 words) - Epistemology, Truth,

Relative Truth One version of relative truth is used when people disagree. A person might say Well, that may be true for you, but its not true for me. The implication here is often that there is no real truth to the matter but is instead a matter merely of belief. You believe what you want to believe and I'll believe what I want to believe and let's go on our merry way. You can see what a boon to self-deception a mechanism like this could be. You can believe anything and no one would have the right to tell you that you can't rationally believe it. So, one can isolate oneself and one's beliefs from the critical evaluation of others, because what also goes without saying in this framework of relative truth, is that no one besides yourself can tell you what is true for you. The closest another could come would be to say something like It's true for me that it's not true for you. This is never actually done in the 'true for me' game. But if it were, then since all that the other would be expressing is what is true for them, even though your beliefs are the subject of their 'truth', there opinion has no real importance (except to them). It is only true in their world which is inaccessible to you. You can dismiss it and forget it. We can see that by this view true for me just means that I believe it. The word 'true' is in there to give the belief its own legitimacy. You may ask: What does 'I believe it' mean?. There doesn't seem to be any way of answering this without saying I believe it to be TRUE. And so we see that for it to mean anything to have a believe, we must already presuppose that there is an actual truth or falsity to the matter that is the subject of the belief. This is another thing denied by the relativists. He often says, there is no real truth, only what is 'true for me'. It is as if the relativist by the mere act of believing something can make it true in his/her reality. And this suggests that everyone has a different reality. Of course, we all have a different concept of reality, but there is only one reality. Thus, the confusion that the relativist makes between belief and truth is mirrored in a confusion between concept of reality and reality. If everyone really does make their own reality, then you are alone in your world and everyone else is your entertaining fiction. You are a solipsist, the only real person in the world. Now this is real isolation. But anyone who tries to think about this in a serious manner, doesn't really believe it. We know, for instance, that a belief can be wrong. If a belief can be wrong, it is because there is a truth out there that the belief conflicts with. If beliefs could never be wrong, there would be no reason to ever change a belief, unless it became clear that something else would be a happier thing to believe. So, most relativists don't believe that 'all truth is relative' but instead that there are some relative truths, especially in those areas where people argue the most: Politics, religion, ethics. But the reasons given above would still apply except to a smaller domain of discourse. And so we can see that if there were any area where the truth of something was just a matter of believing that something, then the legitimacy of that belief is questionable as coherent. If you think it is coherent, then try spelling out the meaning of It is true for me and try explaining what information is conveyed by an 'it is true for me' assertion. One might think that it means 'I believe it. But what sense does it make to 'believe it' unless you 'believe it is really true'? Thus to hold a belief at all requires the presupposition that there is truth, otherwise the belief would be nothing. If all truth were relative then language would be worthless when attempting to convey information, for that information would only be about your reality in which I have no access. But even if only certain areas were the domain of relative truth, then claims in those areas would carry no information, and would be the

F Scott Fitzgerald First Rate Intellegence Essays

F Scott Fitzgerald First Rate Intellegence Essays F Scott Fitzgerald First Rate Intellegence Essay F Scott Fitzgerald First Rate Intellegence Essay First-Rate Intelligence F. Scott Fitzgerald said that The test of a first-rate intelligence is the ability to hold two opposed ideas in the mind at the same time and still retain the ability to function. XX I think this statement is very true. XX Intelligence is a very broad term that can mean lots of things to lots of different people, to F. Scott Fitzgerald intelligence meaner accepting not Just your opinion but other peoples as well. Once you realize someone elses point of view on something, only then can you truly understand your own. The thought of holding two opposing ideas inside your head is a very hard one to come to terms with. Often we have our own opinion and thats the only one we ever take into consideration. Once we can see both sides of things or an opposed idea that is when we can reevaluate our thought and see if it is a good one in the first place. Once you can have the two opposed thoughts in your mind you still have to be able to function as well. Sometimes when we are able to see both sides we can get caught up and not be able to function. Being able to function while having the two opposed ideas in your head at the same time is a very good skill to have. Future employees would love to have someone who can see both sides of a situation. Not only does it let you think more about your idea but it also lets you see where the other person is coming from while thinking that. You certainly need to be intelligent to be able to hold two opposed ideas in [your] mind at the same time and still retain the ability to function that is certainly why it is a great test of first-rate intelligence.

European Union, Problem of anti-semistism in Hungary Research Paper

European Union, Problem of anti-semistism in Hungary - Research Paper Example Recent news reports agrees that Hungary displays a heightened level of public anti-Semitism not witnessed since 1940s. The heightened level of hatred came into effect after an anti-Semitism political party called Jobbik gained ground in Hungarian Parliament (Chanes 01). Leaders of this party are plainly anti-Semitic. In October 2013, one member of Hungarian parliament belonging to Jobbik party proposed enlistment and identification of Jewish politicians as potential threat to national security. As if the proposal for enlistment was not enough, Jobbik party leaders were quoted saying, â€Å"†¦anti-Semitism is not just our right, but it is the duty of every Hungarian homeland lover, and we must prepare for armed battle against the Jews.† (Hurd 01) In order to substantiate the level of prejudice towards Hungarian Jews, the European Union conducted a survey in Hungary. 90% of all Jews respondents during the survey asserted that political anti-Semitism is a â€Å"very big† issue in the country (Fejer 01). Anti-Semitism is not new in Hungary. During the Second World War, precisely in 1944, Germany occupied Hungary. Occupation of Nazis in collaboration with Hungarian police forces led to massacre and deportation of thousands of Jews from Budapest. Based on this historical glimpse, Israel voiced their concerns on the growing anti-Semitism in Hungary. America, Israel and the entire European Union fears that Jobbik Party is stirring an anti-Semitic pot, which might eventually boil over causing violence in Hungarian streets similar to that in 1944 (Keinon 01). Unlike the historic anti-Semitism conducted by Nazis, the one in Hungary today is based on issues of political power rather than social and economic aspects (Strauss 42). Therefore, the only way to end this problem is to enact national policies that monitors and controls the rise of anti-Semitism in Hungarian politics. In order to ensure

Interpretation of Statistical Tables and Testing Hypotheses Statistics Project

Interpretation of Statistical Tables and Testing Hypotheses - Statistics Project Example Therefore, there appears a difference in grade for unmotivated, motivated, and highly motivated diploma students that are there is difference in grade based on participation. The average grade for unmotivated scholarship students (23 to 32 years old) was about 78.89 (SD = 7.59), for motivated scholarship students was about 71.17 (SD = 6.05), and for highly motivated  scholarship students was about 76.80 (SD = 7.12). Therefore, there appears that unmotivated and highly motivated scholarship students grade is higher as compared to motivated scholarship students. The average grade for unmotivated government students (33 and above) was about 62.67 (SD = 4.32), for motivated government students was about 62.56 (SD = 5.03), and for highly motivated  government students was about 63.20 (SD = 9.63). The average grade for  diploma students was about 87.85 (SD = 5.66), for  scholarship students was about 76.05 (SD = 7.49), and for  government students was about 62.75 (SD = 5.93). Therefore, there appears difference in grade among three age groups of students. The average grade for unmotivated students was about 79.00 (SD = 13.09), for motivated students was about 72.68 (SD = 11.50), and for highly motivated  students was about 74.75 (SD = 11.00). Therefore, there appears difference in grade among three motivation (participation) groups of students. There was a significant main effect of age group on student grade, F(2, 4.06) = 39.92, p =.002, ÃŽ ·2 = 0.952. In other words, there is difference in student grade for different age groups. The result indicates a very strong effect of 0.952 as measured by ÃŽ ·2. There was nonsignificant main effect of participation (motivation) on student grade, F(2, 4.02) = 1.77, p =.281, ÃŽ ·2 = 0.468. In other words, there is statistically no difference in student grade for different participations

Childbirth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Childbirth - Essay Example The rate of vaginal birth after previous cesarean increased from1989 till 1996 and declined between 1996 and 2003. In the year 2003, 27.6% of all births in the United States resulted from cesarean deliveries. (MMWR, 54(02), 46) An institutional culture that views childbirth as pathological might have contributed to an extent for the increase in cesarean deliveries in the United States. The number of voices urging to make childbirth a human and social, rather than a medical, event signifies this. However, the institutional culture is not the sole reason for these undesirable results. The safety issues of mother and child and medico legal considerations appear to have contributed to the rise. A doctor is more likely to be sued for not doing a cesarean than for doing one. In addition, a high rate of malpractice by the midwives and the insurance costs favored the pregnant women to seek the services of an obstetrician. Childbirth is either by means of a vaginal delivery or a cesarean section. Cesarean sections are carried out by obstetricians. A few alternatives to a normal natural vaginal delivery are there for women in US. They are natural birth with pain medication, aromatherapy at birth, home birth, midwife delivery, birthing centers, water birth and Doula assistance. In a natural birth with pain medication, medication is given to alleviate the

Kants Categorical Imperative: Summary and Analysis

Kants Categorical Imperative: Summary and Analysis Explain and discuss Kants categorical imperative. How appropriate are his views in todays criminal justice field? What is an imperative? An imperative is a command like, pay your expenses! or dont execute animals! A Hypothetical Imperative summon is based, restrictively, on the presence of a yearning, for example, On the off chance that you want to be a Doctor, you should think about science in school. If you would prefer not to go to medical school, then this order would not have any significant bearing due to the lack of craving. Kants Categorical Imperative is a command that is unequivocal, for example, Dont cheat on taxes. Even on the off chance that you are longing to cheat, and this would be to your advantage to cheat, you may not do so. Ethical morality has an association with the categorical imperative since morality is to such an extent that you are summoned by it, and is to such an extent that you cant quit it or claim that it doesnt have any significant bearing to you. There are no uncertainties in good activity, as indicated by Kant. Morality works as indicated by a categorical imper ative since we should act in a given way in light of the fact that the rationale is admirable, not on the grounds that we have assumed that we can accomplish certain goals accordingly. Immanuel Kant believed that certain types of actions (murder, theft and lying) were prohibited, even if the action brought happiness rather than its alternative. As a follower of Kant, there are two questions that must be asked before we act: Can I rationally expect that everyone act as I propose to act? If no, then the action is not performed.   And, does my action respect the goals of human beings rather than my own purpose? Again, if not, then the action is not performed.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kants morals appear the premise of the possibility that we each have rights to flexibility, rationality and moral based attitudes. Since these rights are our own, we can make free, sound and decent decisions. Kant fights to state that individuals have a free will and ability to reason. Kants thinking is smart, in that he trusted that if someone happened to act ethically, then it is first fundamental to be allowed to pick between the good and the improper. In todays criminal justice system, Kant can exhibit sound hypothesis which is utilized by many, just as it was for a scholar of the 1900s. Kant stresses the inability to achieve ones own ends with certainty: I may take an act to promote some end, but nature, circumstances, and other people may conspire against me (Minkler, 1999). I read this as the atmosphere that our law enforcement are experiencing every day. Decisions are being made in the streets that appear to promote profiling or racism when, in fact, they are activities that are protecting our society. His hypotheses would, by many, be named as straightforward sound judgment in todays law enforcement world with the categorical imperative offering clear, insightful guidelines for the individuals who wish to put a supporting hypothesis to their everyday decision making regarding crime protection and prevention. Society can depend upon our law enforcement to remain rationale to manage their activities in crime prevention reasonab ly, however discernment is not because of logical behavior. Kant makes clear that the fact that we can think implies freedom. That we can think proves as a practical matter that we are free. Asking anything more goes beyond the bounds of what can be proved (Weiss, 1992). In todays criminal society a great example of Kants philosophy in action would be the Jeffrey Dahmer case. This solution answers the problem of Jeffrey Dahmer. The defense was attempting to prove Mr. Dahmer was intentionally performing gross acts that were created from his childhood. This theory is proven irrelevant. These occurrences as a youth are exclusive in their ability to cause mental issues. All mental and physical events have a cause. However, we must understand that Mr. Dahmers intentions are a mental act and assume it is free. To prove it was caused is a mistake. It depends on how it is looked at. The implications in the Dahmer case are this; If he is considered insane, he will be placed in a mental hospi tal rather than prison, and could be released after a year. His attorneys felt that this was a just decision because he was not an evil man, just sick. Kant states that nothing indicates you must be well to be guilty; it says you must have the intentions to do what you did. Is an intention a free action or caused by a condition is unanswerable and should not be a question asked in a court of law. By all accounts to include legally and practically, he is a guilty person. That is determined to be enough in the philosophy realm and should be enough in the court of society. References Minkler, L. (1999). The Problem with Utility: Toward a Non-Consequentialist/Utility Theory Synthesis. Review Of Social Economy, 57(1), 4-24. Weiss, M. D. (1992, Feb 11). Immanuel kant on the dahmer case. Wall Street Journal Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/docview/398293483?accountid=8289

Online communites :: Technology Internet Computers Papers

Online communites The advance in technology during the past decade has made it possible for people all over the world to communicate with one another. Online communities consist of groups of people communicating to one another through the use of a computer. A number of online communities exist, anywhere from Jewish teen groups to Ultima Online, a communication game in where thousands of people may play at any given time. Groups ranging in size from a few people to thousands or even millions of people are forming communities in cyberspace. Online communities are a great way for people to communicate to one another. People have the potential to learn leadership, communication patterns, group boundaries, cohesion, alliances and subgroupings. Online groups are quite different than in-person groups. The fact that communication is through the use of text only, hiding or altering ones identity, and equalization of status are all unique benefits to joining an online community. Children with learning or develo pmental disabilities are areas of extraordinary interest. I currently teach a first through third grade class for the learning disabled at a local elementary school. Recently, a six year-old boy who has Autism has been enrolled in my class. His mother has been struggling, and has had much difficulty in raising him on her own as a single mother. Because Julian has recently been diagnosed, his mother is confused, and needs much support from her sons school and the surrounding community in which she lives. The tears of sadness in which poured from Juians mothers eyes, is what led me to want to dedicate my time as a teacher, joining support groups and chatrooms, to gather all of the resources I can to help Julian and his mother. My search will include participating in conversations with parents who have children with disabilities and other people in the community who might be able to provide some information and advice as well as various resources to, hopefully create a positive change in Julians life. Autism is a disorder in which I do not have an abundance of experience with. My knowledge of autism is unique to each child, and that brain scans will show up abnormal, where the chemicals in their brains will appear to be different than that of a healthy child. I am also aware that children with Autism have many behaviors that may be exhibited, such as repetitive behaviors where a child may repeatedly touch his or her head or different parts of the body.

George Washington and Benjamin Franklin Essay

George Washington is a revered figure in history. He was the first President of the United States and one of its beloved Founding Fathers. He was â€Å"Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army upon whose victory the thirteen colonies depended to secure their separate and equal station among the powers of the earth† (Rediscovering George Washington, 2002, Introduction, para. 2). The usual facts aside, George Washington is a study of contrasting character traits, modesty and pride. Washington lived up to his legendary self with an immense awareness of who he was. In the book, Portrait of America (Oates & Errico, 2003), Gordon S. Wood points that Washington’s greatest asset is his character; that he was representative of the 18th-century iconic image of a great man of virtue (Essay #10, II, para. 7 & 8). The eighteenth century was a very different era in many respects from the present that his personal concerns then may sound preposterous now. For example, Wood (2003) detailed that Washington was notoriously aloof in keeping with the image of a classical hero (III, para. 5), something that is bane nowadays for someone who occupies or dreams of coveting the highest office of the land. Wood (2003) exposed that Washington was very meticulous of himself especially in the company of others constantly cultivating the ideals of being a proper gentleman from his physical bearings to his personal manners(II, para. 15). He certainly considered his reputation his treasure and he protected it all his life (III, para. 6). There lies his enigma, the possession of two contrasting traits, modesty and pride. Wood (2003) further emphasized that it was his moral character that set him off from other men (II, para. 7). This moral steadfastness has served him well in tempting moments. It is worthy to know that Washington acknowledged but was quite insecure about his lack of formal education compared to his learned peers. Self-criticism impeded his actions like his refusal to travel to France finding to have a conversation through an interpreter indignant to a man of his stature, as Wood (2003, II, para. 16) pointed out. This shortcoming produced a very modest man who had the humility to surrender his powers and retreat from public life, an unprecedented act in the Western world (Wood, 2003, III, para. 2) and which only enhanced his image of greatness. Throughout history, the intoxication of power has often cultivated greed out of its possessors. Coming out of retirement and leading the Philadelphia Convention in 1787, Washington’s untarnished reputation was crucial to the ratification of the proposed Constitution. His reputation then at stake, he worked hard to have it ratified (Wood, 2003, IV, para. 1). This was the typical Washington work ethic: a concern for validation of his deliberate act in the eyes of his peers then and for the future generation. Being the President of a young nation, Wood (2003) pointed that â€Å"Washington was keenly aware that everything he did would set precedents for the future† (V, para. 1). His political contributions are still pervasive today, a testament to his leadership endurance. Wood (2003) concluded that Washington was responsible for establishing the president’s independent role and for making him a dominant figure in the government. He also set the Senate’s limited advisory role to the president in the making of treaties and the appointment of officials. Most importantly, he single-handedly institutionalized the two-term limit of the presidency that it was included in the 22nd amendment to the Constitution in 1951 (V, para. 2, 3, & 7). Another outstanding Founding Father who is best known for his scientific pursuits than his understated political contribution is Benjamin Franklin. In Portrait of America (Oates & Errico, 2003), Richard B. Morris (Essay #6) described Franklin at the beginning of his essay as â€Å"deceptively simple and disarmingly candid, but in reality a man of enormous complexity†. Like George Washington, Franklin was also concerned about living a virtuous life although he was a much more relaxed character than the famous general. Franklin is one who â€Å"seems made of flesh rather than of marble† (Isaacson, 2003). Both bettered themselves through purposeful self-improvement to make up for their lack of formal education. Franklin was blessed with a myriad of talents he used wisely: he was a writer, printer, entrepreneur, skilled negotiator, diplomat, scientist. He espoused such virtues of diligence, frugality, self-discipline, honesty. He loved making lists and the most significant of such is â€Å"as a young man, he made a list of personal virtues that he determined should define his life† (Isaacson, 2006). Franklin used his pen for his causes proving the commonly known expression, the pen is mightier than the sword. As a prolific writer Franklin wrote under the pseudonyms Mrs. Silence Dogood, a character that showed â€Å"the quintessential genre of American folksy humor† (Isaacson, 2006) then later showed more of his humorous side as Poor Richard Saunders for his annual almanac. Satirical writing is still in practice today especially in the criticism of public figures. His affable nature enabled him to successfully temper dissension during the heated deliberations of the proposed Constitution. He was against tyranny especially slavery despite him having black slaves in 1757. He never hesitated to promote his advocacy for freedom of the press and expression, still very much one of the prevalent rights issues in society today. References Isaacson, W. (2003, June 29). Citizen Ben’s Great Virtues. Time Magazine Online. Retrieved October 16, 2006 from the World Wide Web: http://www.time. com/time/2003/franklin/bffranklin. html. Morris, R. B. (2003). Meet Dr. Franklin. In Oates, S. B. , & Errico, C. J. (Eds. ), Portrait of America: Volume One: To 1877 8th Edition (Essay # 6). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. Rediscovering George Washington (2002). PBS. Retrieved October 16, 2006 from the World Wide Web: http://www. pbs. org/georgewashington/father/index. html. Wood, G. S. (2003). The Greatness of George Washington. In Oates, S. B. , & Errico, C. J. (Eds. ), Portrait of America: Volume One: To 1877 8th Edition (Essay # 10). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.

Tips for Moving out of the Dorms

Tips for Moving out of the Dorms Moving out of the dorms? Two semesters is more than enough time to pack all sorts of debris into  a college dorm room. Here are some expert tips to make the process a little easier. 10 Tips for Moving out of a Dorm Room Spring Cleaning:  Encourage the notion of a pre-spring break cleaning. Doing a trash purge just before spring break means that much less garbage to deal with on the last day of school. You know your child will bring home bags of dirty laundry, but if weather permits, have him bring home any winter clothing, boots and/or flannel sheets that he doesnt still need at school.Divide and Conquer: If your child is coming home at any time before the end of the second semester, or you are going to visit him, take an empty duffel bag or two and start packing up winter clothing and any other non-essentials. Every bag you can get out of the room early is a bag you won’t have to deal with on the last day of school.Consider Summer Storage: If your childs dorm room has accumulated a lot of possessions - hes purchased a mini-fridge, for example, or youve traded in the Suburban for a Prius - you may want to consider a summer storage option. Store bulky possessions at a self-storage place near campus and you wont have to move it back next fall either. Most self-storage places take reservations, so youll want to reserve a unit 30 days ahead. Purge the Fridge, Dump the Trash: Have your child empty his refrigerator as soon as his last final is over, and start taking trash to the dumpsters. Wait till the day the dorms close and those dumpsters will be full.Sell the Books: Encourage your child to assess his textbooks and sell back anything he no longer needs. English lit books - Canterbury Tales, for example, and 1984 - can be used by siblings or friends forever, but genetics textbooks become obsolete very quickly. Sell them to the campus bookstore, via Amazon or Craigslist or through a textbook rental company such as Chegg.com, where, for example, an excellent condition, Organic Chemistry textbook that retails for $156 can be sold back for $81 or traded in for $89 in Chegg Dollars - which can be used, in turn, to rent next years textbooks. And Chegg pays the postage. Any of those options are preferable to lugging heavy books home to rot in your garage.Bring Supplies: It is easier to pack a car with regularly shaped objects – boxes or large Rubbermaid bins - as opposed to black plastic trash bags, grocery bags, and loose items. So bring packing boxes, rolls of packing tape, a roll of paper towels, a bottle of cleaning fluid, and a few trash bags for actual trash. Wear grubbies. Bring bottles of water and granola bars. Empty and Load: Time for the move! Empty all drawers, desks, cupboards and closets. Check the area under the bed and atop tall pieces of furniture. Pack boxes and tubs as neatly as possible, so they hold as much as possible. Dont mix dirty laundry into boxes of clean contents. Take water breaks, watch your back, and clean as you go. Use the corridor as a staging ground, stacking each packed box neatly against the wall until youre ready to make a trip down to the car.Consider Donations: You may find there are some items that you and your child will be willing to part with if space doesn’t permit them aboard – rugs, for example, or oddly shaped, relatively inexpensive items, such as electric fans or lamps. So many items of this sort get thrown away on the move-out day, some schools have started setting up separate dumpster areas so those items can be salvaged and donated. If your childs school does not have such plans, consider doing a Goodwill or thrift store run before packing for home. Pack Em Up, Move Em Out, Rawhide: If you have lined up summer storage space, either in campus housing or off-campus, move those items first. Then enlist all your Tetris skills and start loading your car with everything that’s coming home. Save soft items – blankets, bedding, and overcoats – to stuff into nooks and crannies and pad fragile items.Final Sweep: When the room is completely empty, do one last drawer and cupboard check. Check the restroom too, if your child has a toiletry cupboard there. Sweep out the dorm room and mop off any obvious grunge. Unplug the mini-fridge and arrange for pickup. Pull out the dorm checklist the university gave you last fall, the one that lists existing damage, and go over it with an R.A. so your child can check out. One last potty stop, hugs all around and you’re off! Now the only problem is, where to put all that stuff when you get back home...

An Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge By Ambrose Bierce - 1

An Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge By Ambrose Bierce - 1 An Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge By Ambrose Bierce – Book Report/Review Example An Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge In what ways are the condemned mans perceptions of time and motion distorted as he is waiting to be hanged? (25%)As Bierce is describing the setting of which Farquhar was to be immediately facing his death in detail such as the beams, planks, ropes, and soldiers with their guns, ready to conduct his condemnation, Farquhar distorts his reality of time and motion when he imagines everything slowing down from the drift wood that is floating in the river to his death where he dreams of a long dream to prolong his life and granting his wishes of being able to see his wife (SparkNotes: An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge, n.d.).2. What is ironic about the fact that Farquhar agrees with the saying that, "all is fair in love and war?" (25%)The irony in the statement, "all is fair in love and war† made by Farquhar would be the fact aside from saluting soldiers who fight wars to be a hero of their generation despite the inevitable deaths, he still agrees t o this statement even when he is not involved in any war and yet his death is being asked of him. His death is unnecessary as compared to soldiers who are willing and prepared to die.3. What details in Part III suggest that Farquhars journey occurs in his mind? (25%)We can see that Farquhar’s journey occurs in his mind as the author used a very limited third-person point of view, making the story seemingly told by Farquhar himself. Also, the reality of Farquhar’s fear of leaving everything behind especially his loved ones and holding his life dear to him as he deems it undeserving of death is a human nature that proves Farquhar is thinking about the series of events he is undergoing. 4. Point of view refers to the vantage point from which the story is told. Why is the limited third-person point of view appropriate for this story? How might the story be different if Bierce had used an omniscient third-person narrator? (25%)The limited third-person point of view is very appropriate for this story because it allowed readers to actually understand what was going through Farquhar’s mind. It was also instrumental in being able to emphasize realism used as a technique in the story, especially when Farquhar tries to distort it by creating his own imaginations of being able to escape his death and being able to see and hug his wife. Bibliography:"SparkNotes: An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge." SparkNotes: Todays Most Popular Study Guides. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Apr. 2013. .

Course project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Course project - Assignment Example and emblems on baby clothing that creates that old fashioned feeling and make it a distinct legacy that will be passed on from one generation to the next. In line with pull marketing, I will utilize a lot of advertising to boost consumer desire for the product. Aside from traditional advertising in print and visual media, I plan to make use of the Internet. Open Forums, Blogs, Twitter and social forums is the best way to let a lot of people know of my business. Creating my own web page would lead them to my store with one click. I can post pictures of my products. My target clientele of moms busy at work or those already waiting for the big day at home can easily contact me and even place orders through my website. This manner of reaching to the buying public and conducting business on-line is a part of eCommerce: Another part of eCommerce that can prove beneficial and advantageous for me is that I can make direct orders from suppliers. This is a fast, efficient and economical way to place orders and purchase at wholesale from suppliers anywhere abroad. This is also cost effective since there are no â€Å"middle men† who adds costs to the base price of manufacturers. These manufacturers are also doing their wholesale sales on line: DhGate provides over 3,000,000 products from verified wholesalers from China; B2B offers branded items from Italy; while GlobalSources showcases credible manufacturers and wholesale suppliers.iii They can even facilitate faster delivery of the merchandise directly to my customers. They will wrap the item in my stores name and send it to my customers’ home at no extra charge. This service is called â€Å"dropshipping.†iv There are other benefits that I have yet to uncover. As of now, I can say that eCommercev can contribute a lot to the success of my

Insufficient Staffing and Medication Errors Essay

Insufficient Staffing and Medication Errors - Essay Example Understanding the different factors affecting health care delivery to the patients should be analyzed in order to make sure its objectives are attained. One of the issues that healthcare systems should address in order to optimize its role in delivering quality health care to its patients is medication error. Medication error is any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate use of harm to a patient while medication is in control of the health care professional, patient or consumer. Such events may be related to professional practice, health care products, procedures and system including prescribing, order communication, administration, education, monitoring, and use. According to various studies concerning errors in patient medications, there are around 7,000 to 7,400 people in the United States who dies due to such form of negligence. Specifically in New York, there is approximately 1,400 people die every year or twenty percent of medical injuries are due to medicati on errors. Lawsuits have been filed across the United States health care system as a result of medication errors, which exposed the patients into dangerous situations that eventually cause the death of some patients. According to the National Law Journal, out of the 13 largest medical negligence lawsuits in the US in 2002, seven of these were in New York alone. The number of deaths from medication errors in the US per year is at least one death every day. In addition, the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research found that a total of 1.3 million people are injured because of medication errors. Types of Medication errors Medication errors occur in different ways and at any degree. Medical negligence of this type may be made by any health care practitioner, from the nursing staff to the attending physicians. One type of medication error may be a misdiagnosis of a patient’s illness identified as a diagnostic error. A mistake as complicated as this, may result to more serious prob lems when made. Misdiagnosis could result to recommending an incorrect choice of therapy to the patient that would further injure them. Failure to use an indicated diagnostic test is also a result of diagnostic error that may cause a patient’s illness to become worse and very serious. Test results may also be misinterpreted due to an error in diagnosis. Patients suffer the consequences of not being able to get the right treatment to their illnesses when such diagnostic error happens. In addition, when patients are misdiagnosed, medical staff may not be able to correctly handle abnormal situations that are brought about by the patient’s illness or disease. Equipment failure is another form of medication error that is classified under this category. Some examples of this are dead batteries in defibrillators and easily dislodged or bumped valves of intravenous pumps. When such conditions are unnoticed, patients may have increased doses of medication over a short period of time that may be too dangerous, worse, fatal to the. Physicians are not spared in committing medication errors as well. The same thing goes with the nurses. Their roles require them to be in close contact with the patients. While physicians prescribe the medications or recommend the proper treatment necessary for the patients, the nurses are those who implement them.

Major and Career Research Paper Annotated Bibliography

Major and Career Research Paper - Annotated Bibliography Example The researchers noted that shortage in logistics contributed to the major challenges affecting the supply chain management process. The financial challenges contributed to the increase in demand and supply of goods and services. These shortages are operational and affect planning and controlling of supply chains. Finally, Andreas and Robert noted that the cost of logistics remains a major influence in the management of supply chains. Gadde, Hakansson and Persson focused on the supply chain companies. Their book provided a summary of twenty-five businesses in the area of selling goods and services. The book mainly focused on current issues connected to the supplier of goods and services so as to produce effective supply chain networks. The report is separated into three sections, and it started by exploring the challenges that affect the supply chain management. The second section of the book explored the different supply chain networks from the sellers’ interactional perception. The part looked at the selling activity and the structures of supply chain. The third part presented the boundaries in terms of the relationship between the supply networks, and how they can be designed. Finally, the book presented the efficiency of supply chains and how they can form a proper unit of analysis for example, several transactions, single transaction with one give supplier or different suppliers at a given system leve l. These researchers completed their project in four stages whereby they conducted a literature review, interviews, survey, and conducted an analysis of the findings as well as a report. Findings indicated that with the increase in new technologies, different supply companies are currently identifying the need of investment in modern technology. They recommended that organization should adopt strategies that can adjust quickly with the increase in technological development. Organizations should also allow suppliers to make their own decisions

The Swimmer Essay Example for Free

The Swimmer Essay Within John Cheerver’s, The Swimmer we can learn a lot about life choices and priorities. Cheerver demonstrates the effect of social standing in the novel through the eyes of the main character Needy. Needy has let his social standing overpower him, which eventually leads him to a life without social activity. Cheerver effectively communicates his message to the reader by combining a wide variety of symbolism and excitement. Throughout the novel the author uses a plethora of examples to display his message and even incorporates his views within the theme of the novel. A respectable theme in The Swimmer is the inevitable passage of time. This theme is clearly established through the protagonist of the novel, Needy. In the beginning of the story the author provides the reader with a clear background of Needy’s life. The information about Needy’s life is crucial to the story because it helps the reader understand and connect with the character. Needy believes that he does not have to keep in touch with his friends because the life he leads. With his high social standing, Needy believes that he is inferior to others. Life continues to pass by as Needy lives his life on the outskirts. It isn’t until it’s too late that Needy becomes aware of his surroundings and realizes he has wasted much of his life. The damage he has caused in life cannot be undone due to his lack of care and concern for others. Not only is Needy’s social life irreplaceable at the end of the novel, but he has become dependent on alcohol. It appears that Needy has grown to become his own worst enemy in life. On the contrary, Cheerver helps develop his theme of the novel through the use of symbolism. Within, The Swimmer, symbolism is frequently used as a technique to tie together the story. For example, the author portrays symbolism within the text through the multiple swimming pools Needy encounters. Each swimming pool Needy comes across represents a different time period in his life and a different group of friends Needy has known. As Needy swims from pool to pool he comes across his haunting past. Not aware of his surroundings, he continues on from pool to pool. Swimming pools arent the only symbolic object within the text. Empty houses are also part of the symbolism that is used within the novel. Needy reaches his own backyard to find an empty house with locked doors. This abandoned house becomes a symbol for Needy’s lonely and unsociable life. When Needy is at the house he finally comes to reality with his life. He finally comes to the realization that he has pushed away everyone close in his life . He has no one to talk to and feels as though he is lonely in the world. Not only does Cheerver use symbolism in his story but he also incorporates imagery. The author uses seasons as a way to help readers understand the different stages in Needy’s life. The author uses the warmer months to represent happier moments in Needys life while the colder months portray the weary and unsettling moments in his life. Seasons come and go, and so do people in our life. Needy thought that his life was untouchable, but soon came down from his cloud and realized what he had done. The theme of the inevitable passage of time truly represents the novel. People can take this story and easily connect it to their own lives. Coming from Cheerver’s past, this novel appears to be a mockery of his life. By mocking his own life, the author wants his readers to open their eyes and realize that the only thing that constantly changes is time itself. With that being said, Cheerver wanted to be a mediator for those who have started to jump into pools, and to those who have yet to jump. He warns those who have not â€Å"stepped† into the pool to step back from the edge and take a good look at what’s around them. He hopes to inform readers to never take anything for granted because nothings lasts forever.

Phenomenological Perspective And Theoretical Framework Sociology Essay

Phenomenological Perspective And Theoretical Framework Sociology Essay The aim in this chapter is to offer the foundations on which I base my methodological approach and data analysis. In this section I will clarify theoretical issues which I have examined and informed my work. I outline a framework that highlights the interconnectedness of the macro and micro in explicating the actions and policies of local government in implementing the renewed race relations approach. In this regard, the chapter covers a range of important issues and introduces a number of theoretical concepts relating to race relations and equality. For work of this sort to have meaning it has to embody a rigorous conceptual analysis which underpin a critical theory approach. These definitions are located in a broader theory of oppression and intrinsic discrimination and inequality. Below are the concepts which have informed my approach, these concepts will allow me to examine and understand the complex situation. Phenomenological perspective To state that research doesnt happen in vacuum / isolation acknowledgement of historical and social influences will shape the research Objectivity/subjectivity Positionality Structuration theory Through social action that structures and agency are shaped. Rejects Parsons functionalism subjectivity And also hermeneutics approach on agency He argues his theory of structuration reveals how the micro (personal) is shaped by the macro (social systems) Read Positioning chapter in 1984 book. Social practices ordered across space and time refer to the actions of individuals and groups understood in their social, cultural and historical context. A key element of this theory, therefore, is the attempt to understand reality in terms of structure the significance of social divisions and other aspects of social organisation and agency the exercise of choice. While many forms of social theory address either structure or agency, structuration theory is characterised by a focus on structure and agency and the ways in which they are intertwined. In understanding the ability to participate in community matters what is needed then is an appreciation of both structure and agency. It is not a matter of either or, nor is it an underemphasising of the role of agency by concentrating on the social structures to the almost total exclusion of issues of choices, intentions, wishes, fears and aspirations, or an overemphasising of the role of agency, failing to recognise the power role of social structure in shaping, enabling and constraining the actions of individuals and groups. Our agency is rooted in the complexities of social systems but is not determined by them. Racism, discrimination and oppression are also imbedded in those social systems. Power Power is a central feature of the struggle to promote social justice and equality. It is envisaged power in this study will be played out in many ways. In a practical sense, it is the local government who holds the power both with policy and resources (staff, time, organisation, money), in this case the dominant party, to eliminate the inequalities faced by minority groups. Power analysis is useful in identifying resistance to change as this does not rely solely on the While in the workings of organisations power is transparent in the formal decision-making process, work by Hunter study of decision makers and places of net-working , Mills study of power elite, Bachrach and Baratzs power is,exercised by containing the scope of decision-making to relatively safe issues (p. 6). Steven Lukes (1974) three dimensional framework of power identify other ways in which power may operate. In this study I am informed by Lukess three dimensional framework of power as it illuminates the different dimensions where power operates. Lukes theory is built on earlier theories on power which he addresses in his book Radical View. Dahls one dimensional model of power is conceived of as intentional and active in the political arena by political actor groups, and power consists in defeating the opponents preferences. The focus is on decision-making behavior on issues where there is an observable conflict of subjective interests as revealed by policy preferences. Criticism of this view, is that power is not only reflected in concrete decisions. Individuals can limit decision-making to non-controversial issues by keeping certain topics off the agenda and argued that power should be analysed by two-dimensional model of power. According to Lukes, the two-dimensional view of power is limited in that it focuses only on observable conflicts, whether overt or covert. Lukes claims power can also by influencing, shaping, or determining his wants and preferences. Another second criticism is that this view is too committed to behaviorism, that is to the study of concrete decisions, whereas inaction can also be the outcome of socially structured and culturally patterned collective behavior. The third point on which this view is seen as inadequate is in its claim that non-decision-making power only exists where there are grievances which are denied entry into the political process in the form of issues. However, Lukes argues that power can be also exercised by preventing grievances by shaping perceptions and preferences in such a way as to secure the acceptance of the status quo since no alternative appears to exist, or because it is seen as natural and unchangeable. This he refers to as the insidious/invisible third dimension of power, through which the relatively powerless came to internalise and accept their own condition, and thus might not be awa re of nor act upon their interests in any observable way. Lukes third face of power was inspired by Gramscis ideas about hegemony and manufacture of consent as the means by which the willing compliance of workers is secured in capitalist societies. In practical terms, Gramscis insights about how power is constituted in the realm of ideas and knowledge expressed through consent rather than force. Lukes contrasts two meanings of hegemony: the first as an unconscious psychological process that is cultural and internalised, and the second a more conscious, wilful and coordinated strategy of domination. Hinson and Healey (2003, 4) further write that [Invisible power] is exercised in part through control of the institutions that shape and create meaning: religious institutions, the media, mass consumer culture, popular ideas about government, etc. Although the concept of power is used, it is itself is highly contested. What accounts for the highly contested nature of the concept of power? One explanation is that how we conceptualize power is shaped by the political and theoretical interests that we bring to the study of power  Lukes 2005, p63.   Some theorists define power as getting someone else to do what you want them to do (power-over) whereas others define it more broadly as an ability or a capacity to act (power-to). Many very important analyses of power in political science, sociology, and philosophy presuppose the former definition of power (power-over). As Steven Lukes notes, Dahls one-dimensional view of power, Bachrach and Baratzs two-dimensional view, and his own three-dimensional view are all variations of the same underlying conception of power, according to which A exercises power over B when A affects B in a manner contrary to Bs interests (1974, 30). Similarly, but from a very different theoretical background, Michel Foucaults highly influential analysis presupposes that power is a kind of power-over; and he puts it, if we speak of the structures or the mechanisms of power, it is only insofar as we suppose that certain persons exercise power over others (1983, 217). Feminists refer to this kind of relation as a specific kind of power-over relation, namely, one that is unjust and oppressive, they also refer to this kind of relation as oppression, patriarchy, subjection, and domination to those over whom power is exercised, this oppressive power will be discussed below. For the above section should I include Huner and Mills ways in which way power is used to manage people , manipulation and coercion see separate document how power works Global effects local While this is local community study, I am drawing upon the study of international developmental work by Gaventa and colleagues. Firstly, they contend that effects of globalisation have changed the spatial relations of power, therefore, power increasingly should be understood not only at the local, national or the global level, but also in their inter-relationships p4 (ESRC undated). The ripple effects of 9/11 in the US and the increase in Islamophobia, the renewed race relations can be seen in this context. Places where power is held Although in the past it was the local government who controlled and made the decisions in the city and neighbourhoods, governance is now characterised by multiple intersecting actors, arenas and networks. The decision making arenas in which power may be found have become increasingly more varied and porous. Especially with the increase in arms-length-companies, social enterprises (joint private and public projects). Therefore attention to the decision-making in such spaces require equal focus in the study of power and decision makers. Who says they have become more porous? Gaventa There are different approaches to understanding and analysing power, I will use the powercube approach offered by by Gaventa and team which is based on Lukes three faces dimensions of power three faces. The power cube is an analytical device, which can be used along with other approaches to reflect on and analyse how strategies for change in turn change power relations: The approach, developed over the years is largely based on studies of community groups based in southern hemisphere. The theoretical approach grew originally as a way of exploring how powerful actors control the agenda through and the ability of less powerful actors to build their awareness and action for change.   The powercube is a framework for analysing the  levels,  spaces  and  forms  of power, and their  interrelationship.   It is useful in exploring various aspects of power and how they interact with each other.   The  levels  dimension of the powercube refers to the differing layers of decision-making and authority held on a vertical scale, including the  local,national  and  global. The  spaces  dimension of the powercube refers to the potential arenas for participation and action, including what we call  closed,  invited  and  claimedspaces. The  forms  dimension refers to the ways in which power manifests itself, including its  visible,  hidden  and  invisible  forms. The powercube can build on and be used to further explore the  expression of power:   power over, power to, power with, and power within. In the study, where the dominant group have to bring about change for minority groups, expressions of power such as power-over by actors who are instructed to make changes. The power lens will also help to identify partnerships which help to generate power-with across wider range of actors/ groups. The empirical work should highlight power-within as minority communities self-determine within the community to work towards improving their lives. In this respect, the power lens will illuminate sources of claimed space by the mobilisation of networks and supporters within the neighbourhood. John Gaventa takes invisible power further. In the powercube, invisible power need not be limited to intentional acts of thought control by the powerful, but can also be seen as self-reproducing social processes in which the thinking and behaviour of the powerful and powerless alike are conditioned by pervasive norms. Invisible power in the powercube can therefore embrace both meanings of hegemony its structure and agency and points to the need for appropriate strategies for engaging with both forms of invisible or internalised power. This third face of power is likewise treated by VeneKlasen and Miller (2002) as a multidimensional barrier to effective citizen participation, requiring well-designed tactics for building self-awareness, self-esteem and power within to challenge dominant norms such as gender and racial discrimination. Their practical methods are grounded in experiences of womens organising and empowerment, and recognises the direct links between gendered norms in society and the fragile condition of womens power within. Invisible power in this sense bridges agency and structure. The use of power analysis is effective in uncovering/ identifying resistence and compliance to changes rather than relying solely on the formal decision-making process. Critical race theory Relationship to other movements Critical race theory builds on the insights of movements such as anti-racism and radical feminism to which it owes a large debt. CRT also draws from certain European philosophers and theorists such as Steven Lukes, Antonia Gramsci, as well as from the American radical tradition exemplified by such figures as Sojourner Truth, W.E.B. Du Bois. race equality policies are developed by white people/the oppressors themselves. CRT also shares a sympathetic understanding of group empowerment. Racism/Discrimination The term race is problematic The term race itself is problematic, a clear understanding of the term race is paramount in understanding what is racism and what impact this has on institutions and people. While the term race is used, Miles and Phizacklea (1982), have suggested that race should be dispensed with as an analytic category because the very use of the term reproduces and gives legitimacy to a distinction, existence of different human races, that has no scientific status or validity. Thus, an analytic category helps to perpetuate and legitimises the notion that race is a meaningful term (Miles and Phizacklea 1984). Although this may be the case at one level, to deny the significance of race this also obscures the ways in which it has real effects both in material and representational terms (look up this quote and amend) (Anthias 1990). While it is clear that races do not exist, in any objective scientific reality, it is clear that it does exist as a category /group which is reflected in political and popular discourse (Solomos). Race is a way of constructing differences (Anthias and Yuval-Davis, 1993, Cashmore and Troyna 1983, Gilroy, 1987). Race is a social category used in reference to divisions within a particular society. Cashmore and Troyna, suggest that race should be seen as a stigmatized identity forced on other people. Similarly, Modood (1988) proposes that race relates to mode of oppression, how a group is categorised and subordinated. Race theorists such as Bonnet 1993, Gilroy 1987, Brah 1996 and others understand the notion of races as a social construct. As Bhavani argues the development of race as a spurious scientific category is a consequence of imperialism and colonization. It is this scientificism which informed, (and still informs), prevailing ideologies of biological superiority and inferiority among human beings on the basis of race. Jackson and Penrose (1993) argue that race is so rooted in the way we think about the world that we tend to take the category for granted. It is through the apparent naturalness and immutability that racist ideology works. Although the terms race and racism are themselves contradictory, the terms are useful as a way of categorizing the systematic mistreatment experienced by people from black and minority ethnic communities and is used in this study. Donald and Rattansi (1992) suggest that instead of starting with the question as to whether race exists, it is more useful to ask how the category operates and how racial frames of reference are articulated and deployed, and with what consequences (p1). Race and ethnicity used interchangeably The terms race and ethnicity are often used interchangeably, the terms are generally distinguished in that race evokes a biological and genetic referent while ethnicity refers to cultural and religious difference and kinship (Gunaratnam).  The term ethnicity has been preferred in some quarters; however, ethnicity is also linked to liberal notions of multi-ethnic societies and multi-culturalism which have a tendency to obscure the force of racism with their celebrations of benign pluralism. Race theorists argue the markers and signifiers that racism uses need not be those of biology and physiognomy but can be those of language, territorial rights or culture (Anthias p24). P.262 Rolston ethnicity slowly became term used to discuss the internal conflict in Northern Ireland not its history, inequalities, structural policies or action. p.257 Rolston use of postmodernist language in policies, work etc. there is not any mention of historical legacies such as Thus the unequal relationship s, where the Irish and blacks were the oppressed by the British suppressers is ignored, in a way attempts are made to blank out the history . Racism works through oppression, and the form of oppression can be through discrimination, bias, prejudice and bigotry Bluemenfeld. Anti-racist theorists have drawn upon theories of oppression to examine how racism works, two key themes are prevalent. Firstly, there is the awareness is a system of oppression that not only stigmatises and affects the dominated group but also does psychic and ethical violence to the dominator group as well. The second theme is that racism functions not only through overt, conscious prejudice and discrimination but also through unconscious attitudes and behaviours of a society that presumes an unacknowledged but pervasive white cultural supremacy. The concept of unmarked and unacknowledged norms bolsters the power position of the dominant group. For instance, by group identities, the dominant group have positive value, while labelling the dominated groups as minorities. While in the UK, racism is popularly understood to be white people having power over black people, Rolston points to anti-Irish racism, which exists in the UK. Rolston argues there are similarities between black oppression and Irish national oppression. In both cases, the root cause of conflict and inequalities is not addressed but hidden behind a veil of multiculturalism which is articulate through the use of postmodernist language. Ethnicity, diversity, integration, tolerance, difference,cultural awareness is considered to be all that is needed. The study of racism has shown that it operates through systems of oppression. This often involves a dominant group who knowingly or unknowingly exploit and reap unfair advantage over members of subordinate or target groups (Johnson 2004). The dominant group also has economic, political or social, power over the subordinate group. (Essed and Goldberg 2002)suggests that racism is created through routine practices by people. They describe racism as both structure and process. It is structure because dominance and discrimination exists and is reproduced through the formulation and application of rules, laws, and regulations and through access to and the allocation of resources. As a process, it exists in the everyday practice where it is reproduced and reinforced, adapting continually to the ever-changing social, political and economic societal conditions. It becomes normal to the dominant group to see others as different and inferior particularly in relation to the colour of their skin (Bhavnani 2005). Everyday racism refers to forms of discrimination that manifest themselves in systematic, recurrent, familiar practices. Everyday racism is infused into familiar practices, it involves socialized attitudes and behaviour (Johnson 2004). Racism also serves to deny full participation in economic, social, political and cultural life by the essence that they posit (Anthias and Yuval-Davis 1992; (Gunaratnam 2003). However, there is not a unitary system of signification that can be labelled racist nor is there a unitary perpetrator or victim. This position requires addressing the ways in which the categories of difference and exclusion or the bias of class, gender and ethnicity incorporate processes of racialisation and are intertwined in producing racist discourses and outcomes Anthias (1992 (p3). Include different levels that racism can operate from SCIP (Pincus). There more ethnicity and culture matters the more its characteristics are represented as relatively fixed, inherent within a group, transmitted from generation to generation, not just by culture and education, but by biological inheritance (Gunaratnam 2003). Cultural difference has largely displaced the notion of biological difference, as a basis for excluding or inferiorising, both in discourse and practice (Anthias and Yuval-Davis 1992) and recently faith has been used as categorising difference (Cantle 2007). Anthias and Yuval-Davis (1992) argue that exclusionary practices that are formulated on the categorization of individuals into groups whereby ethnic or racial origin are the criteria of access or selection then they are endemically racist. They content that racism is not just about beliefs or statements, but about the ability to impose those beliefs or world-views as hegemonic, and as a basis for denial of rights or equality. Racism is thus embedded in power relations of diff erent types. Whilst it is known that racism is not only carried out by white people but also by black people, it should not be confused with the occasional mistreatment experienced by whites, with the systematic and institutionalized mistreatment experienced by people of colour (Anthias and Yuval-Davis 1992). The studies of oppressive behaviour, attitudes and structures have been studied by other oppressed categories such as feminists. Iris Young has oppression names a family of concepts and conditions, which can be divide into 5 categories: exploitation, marginalisation, powerlessness, cultural imperialism and violence (Young). Marxist explanations of racism is that class divide. In using the concept of race there is the danger of essentialising difference. There are difficulties and contradictions involved in working with the concept, as other concepts such as gender, class, sexuality, ableism also impact on how people live. Hall further argues that the interactive nature of racial or gender categories should be recognised as a complex process and a set of factors through which identity is formulated and contested. Constructions of race as of class, gender, sexuality, ethnicity interact, fuse with or displace each other in an on-going process of confrontation and negotiation (Hall, 1992). Culture Institutional racism While institutional discrimination had been recognised by anti-racist to exist, it was as significant marker in racism in that institutional racism was publicly exposed and put on the political agenda in the Macpherson Inquiry published in 1999. (Back et al 2002). For the purposes of the Inquiry the concept of institutional racism which was applied was The collective failure of an organisation to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their colour, culture or ethnic origin. It can be seen or detected in processes, attitudes and behaviour which amount to discrimination through unwitting prejudice, ignorance, thoughtlessness and racist stereotyping which disadvantage minority ethnic people 6.34 Oppression can also be structural. Its causes are embedded in unquestioned norms, habits, and symbols in the assumptions underlying institutional rules and the collective consequences of following those rules. Some groups suffer as a consequence of often unconscious assumptions and reactions of well-meaning people in ordinary interactions, media and cultural stereotypes and structural features of bureaucratic hierarchies and market mechanisms in short, the normal processes of everyday life Young. Need to bring social structures and institutional contexts under evaluation as these are at least partly the cause of patterns of distribution of jobs or wealth. Young has noted three primary categories- decision-making structures and procedures, division of labour and culture (p22). Young argued that Justice should refer not only to distribution, but also to the institutional conditions necessary for the development and exercise of individual capacities and collective communication and cooperation (p37 Power to omit The decision makers have the power to keep and control the topic on the agenda for discussion. Thus by not addressing issues which are pertinent to minority groups the decision makers collaborate in the discrimination. Impact of racism on BME and WHITE communities The impact of racism in British society can be seen in the racialised and gendered forms of class exploitation either as homeworkers or in low-waged occupations on employers premises (Amrit Wilson). Race significantly affects black womens experiences of treatment in areas such as education, the health service and the labour market (Brah 1991). The influence how black people are represented in popular culture and the mass media (Modleski 1986) Points to include in definition of racism From the discussion above, the following points have been identified as appropriate to include in the working definition of the term racism which will be used in this study. Although the terms race and racism are themselves contradictory, the terms are useful as a way of categorizing the systematic mistreatment experienced by people from black and minority ethnic communities (BME). The systematic mistreatment experienced by people from BME communities is a result of institutionalized inequalities in the social structure. In denying people from BME communities, full participation in economic, political and social power, a self-perpetuating imbalance occurs. This imbalance consistently favours members of some ethnic and cultural groups at the expense of others. The consequences of this imbalance pervade all aspects of the social system and affect all facets of peoples lives. The systematic mistreatment of any group of people generates misinformation about them, which in turn becomes the explanation of or justification for continued mistreatment. Racism exists as a whole series of attitudes, assumptions, feelings and beliefs about people of colour and their cultures which are a mixture of misinformation, fear and ignorance. Participation and citizenship Participation of general population Big Society Although the concept of participation or community participation as it is often known, has been around since 1970s?, in the UK it has re-emerged with renewed vigour in the last decade. Participation and engagement are terms used intermittently today. While there are differences in the meaning of these terms there is also a lot of overlap. These terms are associated with the importance of involving wider groups of people in decisions, services and design, it is often thought services should be client-led, user-led for the service to be more effective. Concerns about a democratic deficit in the accountability of public services, and an increasing view that lay citizens, members of the public and service users have an important contribution to offer to the improvement of public-service provision, have given rise to a variety of new initiatives in local government, health and social care, and other fields (see, e.g., Barnes, Newman and Sullivan, 2007). Race perspective Participation from citizens rights to citizens responsibilities Participation allows people to be part of the democratic process, sense of belonging, and part of the decision making. However, the process of racial discrimination excludes black people from fully participating in society and being equal members in all the structures of the society. It is often the case, black peoples role is limited to being the clients service-users. Black people are excluded from participating to a greater extent. The multiculturalism policies did not address the deep rooted racism epidemic within the UK. It was merely about steel drums and samosas. As discussed earlier, racism excludes black people from fully participating in societies.